1. Database Objects (16%)
2. Traditional Data Manipulation (30%)
3. SPL Programming (14%)
4. Core Concepts (24%)
   • Database
   • Data Integrity
   • Data Modeling
   • Configuration Management Database
5. Extensibility (16%)

• Enterprise Replication (ER)
• Shared Disk (SD) secondary
• High-Availability Data Replication (HDR)
• Remote Standalone (RS) secondary

• Create open source project
• Add filter
• Add sort

• What is Informix?
• Informix Servers 12.10
• Informix Servers 14.10

• Informix Corporation
• Informix
• IBM Informix C-ISAM

• Best Practices for Getting Started with Informix
• The basics of getting up and running with Informix by Tom Beebe
• Informix Best Practices for Configuring CPU, Memory and ONCONFIG settings
• Informix Best Practices - Disks and Database Space Layout by Art Kagel
• Informix Best Practices - Schema Design Tips by Art Kagel
• Informix Performance Tuning Webcast on March 12, 2013 by Art Kagel
• Informix Best Practice Informix Query Performance Tuning Basics by Mike Walker
• Informix Best Practices Webcast on Backup, Recovery, and High Availability Disaster Recovery (HDR)
• Informix Best Practices - Using the Sysmaster database to perform an Informix Server Heath Check
• Informix Best Practices - Introduction to Informix Enterprise Replication by Thomas Beebe
• New Informix Toys and Tools - NoSQL, Mongodb Support, Data Streams with Node-RED, by Tom Beebe
• Informix Best Practices Webcast on Informix Connection Manager

• readline config file (${HOME}/.inputrc)
  • set editing-mode vi
  • set keymap vi-command
• # Environment Variables
  bash config file (${HOME}/.bashrc)
  • export EDITOR=vi
  • export PAGER='less -S'
  • export PGDATABASE=databasename
  • export PGHOST=localhost
  • export PGPORT=5432
  • export PGUSER=username
• vim config file (${HOME}/.vimrc)
  • syntax on
  • au BufRead /tmp/psql.edit.* set syntax=sql
• psql config file (${HOME}/.psqlrc)
  • "\set" is a psql meta-command...run "\set" variables (aliases) with ":name"
  • \set QUIET true
  • \set PROMPT1 '%[%033[37m%]psql%[%033[33m%]://%[%033[37m%]%n%[%033[33m%]@%[%033[37m%]%M%[%033[33m%]:%[%033[37m%]%>%[%033[33m%]/%[%033[37m%]%/ %[%033[K%]%[%033[0m%]%[%033[33m%]%#%[%033[0m%] '
  • \set PROMPT2 '%[%033[37m%]%l %[%033[33m%]>%[%033[0m%] '
  • \set PROMPT1 '%[%033[33m%]%n@%M:%> [%/] > %[%033[0m%] '
  • \set PROMPT1 '%[%033[33m%]%M:%> %n@%/ >%[%033[0m%] '
  • \set PROMPT2 '%[%033[33m%]%l >%[%033[0m%] '
  • attributes/colors
    • %[%033[x;y;zm%] refers to attr/color change – "x;y;z"...x = display attribute, y = fg color, and z = bg color
    • • display attribute: 0 reset all, 1 bright, 2 dim, 4 underscore, 5 blink, 7 reverse, and 8 hidden
      • fg color: 30 black, 31 red, 32 green, 33 yellow, 34 blue, 35 magenta, 36 cyan, 37 white
      • bg color: 40 black, 41 red, 42 green, 43 yellow, 44 blue, 45 magenta, 46 cyan, 47 white
    • %[%033[0m%] refers to color change – "0m"...set back to default
  • psql format specifiers
    • %M refers to the database server’s hostname – is “[local]” if the connection is over a Unix domain socket
    • %> refers to the listening port
    • %n refers to the session username
    • %/ refers the current database
    • %R refers to whether you’re in single-line mode (^) or disconnected (!) but is normally =
    • %# refers to whether you’re a superuser (#) or a regular user (>)
    • %x refers to the transaction status – usually blank unless in a transaction block (*)
  • newline and shell output
    • \n refers to a newline
    • `shell command` refers to running a shell command and displaying its output
  • \set uptime 'SELECT pg_postmaster_start_time( );'
  • \set version 'SELECT version( );'
  • \set user 'SELECT current_user;'
  • \set connections 'SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity;'
  • \set database 'SELECT current_catalog;'
  • \set database 'SELECT current_database( );'
  • \set schema 'SELECT current_schema;'
  • \set tablesPostgres 'SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables WHERE schemaname = \'pg_catalog\' OR schemaname = \'information_schema\';'
  • \set tablesUsers 'SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables WHERE schemaname != \'pg_catalog\' AND schemaname != \'information_schema\';'
  • \set extensions 'SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions;'
  • \set nopager '\\pset pager off'
  • \set pager '\\pset pager on'
  • \set pwd '\\echo `pwd`'
  • \set ls '\\echo `ls`'
  • "\pset" is a psql meta-command...affecting output display
  • \pset null '(NULL)'
  • \pset linestyle unicode
  • \pset border 2
  • \pset unicode_border_linestyle single
  • \pset unicode_header_linestyle single
  • \pset unicode_column_linestyle single
  • \pset format wrapped
  • \set QUIET false
  • \echo You are on server `printf "^[[1;33m"``hostname``printf "^[[0m"` on `printf "^[[1;33m"``date '+%Y-%m-%d'``printf "^[[0m"` at `printf "^[[1;33m"``date '+%H:%M:%S'``printf "^[[0m"`
  • \conninfo


• Connect
  • psql [-U userName] [-h hostName] [-p portNumber] [-d databaseName]   # varies depending on user, from, and variables set
  • \c databaseName


• Help
  • \h
  • \h [SQL commands]
  • \help
  • \help [SQL commands]
  • \?
  • \? [psql commands]


• Quit psql
  • \q
  • \quit
  • ctrl-d


• Connection information
  • \conninfo


• Reset/clear query buffer
  • \r
  • \reset


• Query version, user, database, schema, extensions
  • SELECT pg_postmaster_start_time( ); --alias ":uptime"
  • SELECT version( ); --alias ":version"
  • SELECT current_user; --alias ":user"
  • SELECT session_user;
  • SELECT current_database( ); --alias ":database"
  • SELECT current_schema; --alias ":schema"
  • SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions;'


• Pager (uses shell's $PAGER variable)
  • \pset pager off
  • \pset pager on


• "Tab" suggestion/completion
  • Tab [Tab...] key


• Edit query buffer (uses shell's $EDITOR variable)
  • \e   --opens last query in $EDITOR
  • ctrl-r   --up/down arrows to scroll through history and tab for completion of keywords
  • ctrl-alt-j   --readline edit mode (set -o $EDITOR)


• Edit a function
  • \ef functionName


• Command history
  • \s


• Execute commands from a file
  • \i path/fileName
  • \include path/fileName


• Send all query results to file or |pipe
  • \o path/fileName
  • psql command(s)
  • \o


• Clear screen
  • esc, ctrl-l
  • \! clear


• Display/set variables
  • \set
  • \set ECHO_HIDDEN
  • \set ECHO_HIDDEN on
  • \set ECHO_HIDDEN off
  • \unset ECHO_HIDDEN
  • \pset
  • \pset linestyle unicode
  • \pset border 2
  • \pset unicode_border_linestyle single
  • \pset unicode_column_linestyle single
  • \pset unicode_header_linestyle single


• Show (run-time parameters)
  • SHOW ALL;
  • SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings;
  • SHOW parameterName;
  • SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings WHERE name = 'parameterName';
  • SHOW search_path;
  • SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings WHERE name = 'search_path';


• Set/Reset (a run-time parameters)
  • SET name TO value;
  • SET search_path TO schemaName1, [schemaName2]...;
  • SET search_path TO "$user", public, schemaEtc;
  • RESET parameterName;  --SET configuration_parameter TO DEFAULT;
  • RESET search_path;
  • SET schema 'schema';


• List/describe databases
  • \l
  • \l+
  • SELECT datname FROM pg_database;


• List/discribe schemas (namespaces)
  • \dn
  • SELECT * from pg_catalog.pg_namespace;
  • SELECT current_schema;
  • \dn+
  • SELECT
      n.nspname AS "Name",
      pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(n.nspowner) AS "Owner",
      pg_catalog.array_to_string(n.nspacl, E'\n') AS "Access privileges",
      pg_catalog.obj_description(n.oid, 'pg_namespace') AS "Description"
    FROM
      pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
    WHERE
      n.nspname !~ '^pg_'
      AND
      n.nspname <> 'information_schema'
    ORDER BY 1
    ;
  • SELECT
      table_catalog,
      table_schema,
      table_name,
      table_type
    FROM
      information_schema.tables
    WHERE
      table_schema NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')
    ;


• List/describe tables
  • \dt
  • \dt+
  • \d table
  • \d+ table
  • SELECT
      *
    FROM
      pg_catalog.pg_tables
    WHERE
      schemaname = 'pg_catalog'
      OR
      schemaname = 'information_schema'
    ;
  • SELECT
      *
    FROM
      pg_catalog.pg_tables
    WHERE
      schemaname != 'pg_catalog'
      AND
      schemaname != 'information_schema'
    ;
  • \dt *
  • \dt schemaName.*
  • \dt *.*


• List/describe views
  • \dv
  • \dv+
  • \dv *.*
  • \dv information_schema.role_*


• List/describe indexes
  • \di
  • \di+


• List/describe objects (table, view, sequence, or index) definition
  • \d schemaName.<tab><tab>
  • \dtvs *   --tables/views/sequences
  • \dtvs schemaName.*   --tables/views/sequences
  • \d schemaName.*
  • SELECT
      table_name,
      column_name,
      data_type
    FROM
      information_schema.columns
    WHERE
      table_name = 'tableName'
    ;


• List/describe Extensions
  • \dx
  • SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions;


• List/describe users (roles)
  • \du
  • \du+
  • SELECT * FROM pg_user;
  • SELECT CURRENT_USER;
  • SELECT
      *
    FROM
      information_schema.role_table_grants
    WHERE
      grantee = 'userName
    ' ;
  • SELECT
      *
    FROM
      information_schema.role_table_grants
    WHERE
      table_name = 'tableName
    ' ;


• List/describe object (table, view, sequence, or index) access privileges
  • \dp object
  • \z object


• SQL comments
  • -- one line comment
  • /* multi line comment(s) */


• Create database
  • CREATE DATABASE databaseName;


• Create table
  • CREATE TABLE tableName
    (
      id  serial not null primary key,
      dtCreated  timestamp not null,
      dtUpdated  timestamp,
      data  jsonb
    );


• Grants
  • \dv *.*
  • \dv+ *.*
  • \dv+ information_schema.role*
  • SELECT * FROM information_schema.role_usage_grants;
  • select * from information_schema.role_table_grants;
  • GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA schema TO userName;
    
  • GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON tableName TO userName;
    
  • GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON SEQUENCE tableName_fieldName_seq TO userName;
    


• Select
  • SELECT column(s) FROM tableName;
    
  • SELECT column(s) FROM tableName WHERE condition(s);
    
  • SELECT column(s) FROM tableName WHERE condition(s) LIMIT integer OFFSET integer;
    
  • SELECT column(s) FROM tableName WHERE condition(s) ORDER BY column NULLS FIRST;
    
  • SELECT c.relname FROM pg_class c WHERE c.relkind = 'S';
  • SELECT * FROM tableName_fieldName_seq;


• Repeat query...and more
  • \g
  • \g filename
  • \g | command
  • \watch seconds


• Toggle (on/off) timing
  • \timing
  • \timing on
  • \timing off


• Toggle (on/off) expanded display
  • \x
  • \x on
  • \x off


• Toggle (on/off) tuples only
  • \t
  • \t on
  • \t off


• Insert record(s)
  • INSERT INTO tableName( dtCreated, data ) VALUES( now( ), '{}' );


• Delete record(s)
  • DELETE FROM tableName WHERE condition(s);


• Export table to a file (tab delimited and no header)
  • \COPY (select * from pg_catalog.pg_roles) TO '/tmp/roles.out'


• Export table to a file (header, CSV format, and ';' delimited)
  • \COPY (select * from pg_catalog.pg_roles) TO '/tmp/roles.csv' (header, format csv, delimiter ';')


• Export select to file (CSV with headers)
  • \COPY (select * from pg_catalog.pg_roles) TO '/tmp/roles.csv' CSV header


• Import table from CSV file
  • \COPY tableName FROM 'path/fileName.csv' WITH( FORMAT CSV );


• Alter sequence
  • ALTER SEQUENCE tableName_fieldName_seq RESTART WITH 1;


• Truncate table
  • TRUNCATE tableName;
  • TRUNCATE tableName RESTART IDENTITY;


• Drop table
  • DROP TABLE tableName;


• Active connections query
  • SELECT
      pid,
      datname,
      usename,
      application_name,
      client_hostname,
      client_port,
      backend_start,
      query_start,
      query,
      state
    FROM
      pg_stat_activity
    WHERE
      state = 'active'
    ;

• Dump database
  • pg_dump databaseName
  • pg_dump --create databaseName
  • pg_dump --create --schema-only databaseName


• Dump table
  • pg_dump --schema-only --table=tableName databaseName
  • pg_dump -st tableName databaseName

• 1st terminal
  • shell> vi /tmp/psql.sql   # edit and save...remember "--" is your friend for many queries
• 2nd terminal
  • shell> vi /tmp/psql.out   # use ":e" to refresh buffer
• 3rd terminal
  • psql> \i /tmp/psql.sql \o /tmp/psql.out   --run, then rerun after SQL has been saved

--shows base table information
SELECT
  *
FROM
  pg_catalog.pg_tables
--WHERE
--  tableowner = current_user
--WHERE
--  schemaname NOT IN ('public','pg_catalog','information_schema')
--WHERE
--  schemaname IN ('public','pg_catalog','information_schema')
--ORDER BY
--  schemaname DESC, tablename
;
┌────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬──────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐
│     schemaname     │        tablename        │ tableowner │ tablespace │ hasindexes │ hasrules │ hastriggers │ rowsecurity │
├────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤
│ ...                │ ...                     │ ...        │ (NULL)     │ t          │ f        │ f           │ f           │
│ public             │ exampleTable            │ dba        │ (NULL)     │ t          │ f        │ f           │ f           │
│ pg_catalog         │ pg_aggregate            │ postgres   │ (NULL)     │ t          │ f        │ f           │ f           │
│ ...                │ ...                     │ ...        │ (NULL)     │ t          │ f        │ f           │ f           │
│ information_schema │ sql_features            │ postgres   │ (NULL)     │ f          │ f        │ f           │ f           │
│ ...                │ ...                     │ ...        │ (NULL)     │ t          │ f        │ f           │ f           │
└────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴──────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘
(999 rows)

--shows "table catalog" and "table type", but not "table owner" compared to previous query
SELECT
  *
FROM
  information_schema.tables
--WHERE
--  table_schema = 'public'
--WHERE
--  table_schema NOT IN ('public','pg_catalog','information_schema')
--WHERE
--  table_schema IN ('public','pg_catalog','information_schema')
ORDER BY
  table_schema DESC, table_name
;
┌────────────────┬────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────┬────────────┬──────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────┬────────────────────────┬────────────────────┬──────────┬───────────────┐
│ table_catalog  │    table_schema    │              table_name               │ table_type │ self_referencing_column_name │ reference_generation │ user_defined_type_catalog │ user_defined_type_schema │ user_defined_type_name │ is_insertable_into │ is_typed │ commit_action │
├────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼───────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────┼───────────────┤
│ exampleCatalog │ public             │ exampleTable                          │ BASE TABLE │ (NULL)                       │ (NULL)               │ (NULL)                    │ (NULL)                   │ (NULL)                 │ YES                │ NO       │ (NULL)        │
│ ...            │ ...                │ ...                                   │ BASE TABLE │ (NULL)                       │ (NULL)               │ (NULL)                    │ (NULL)                   │ (NULL)                 │ YES                │ NO       │ (NULL)        │
│ ...            │ pg_catalog         │ pg_aggregate                          │ BASE TABLE │ (NULL)                       │ (NULL)               │ (NULL)                    │ (NULL)                   │ (NULL)                 │ YES                │ NO       │ (NULL)        │
│ ...            │ information_schema │ administrable_role_authorizations     │ VIEW       │ (NULL)                       │ (NULL)               │ (NULL)                    │ (NULL)                   │ (NULL)                 │ NO                 │ NO       │ (NULL)        │
│ ...            │ ...                │ ...                                   │ BASE TABLE │ (NULL)                       │ (NULL)               │ (NULL)                    │ (NULL)                   │ (NULL)                 │ YES                │ NO       │ (NULL)        │
└────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────┴──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────┴──────────┴───────────────┘
(999 rows)

CREATE VIEW tables AS
SELECT
  table_catalog,
  table_schema,
  table_name,
  table_type
FROM
   information_schema.tables
WHERE
  table_schema NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')
;

SELECT
  *
FROM
  tables
;
─
┌────────────────┬───────────────┬──────────────────┬─────────────┐
│ table_catalog  │ table_schema  │ table_name       │ table_type  │
├────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────┤
│ exampleCatalog │ exampleSchema │ exampletable     │ exampleType │
│ ...            │ ...           │ ...              │ ...         │
│ postgres       │ public        │ tables           │ VIEW        │
└────────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────────┴─────────────┘
(999 rows)

--shows non system objects owned by current user
SELECT
  nsp.nspname AS object_schema,
  cls.relname AS object_name,
  CASE cls.relkind
    WHEN 'r' THEN 'table'
    WHEN 'm' THEN 'materialized view'
    WHEN 'i' THEN 'index'
    WHEN 'S' THEN 'sequence'
    WHEN 'v' THEN 'view'
    WHEN 'c' THEN 'type'
    ELSE cls.relkind::text
  END AS object_type,
  rol.rolname AS object_owner
FROM 
  pg_class cls
  JOIN pg_roles rol ON rol.oid = cls.relowner
  JOIN pg_namespace nsp ON nsp.oid = cls.relnamespace
WHERE nsp.nspname NOT IN ('information_schema', 'pg_catalog')
  AND nsp.nspname NOT LIKE 'pg_toast%'
  AND rol.rolname = current_user
ORDER BY 
  nsp.nspname, cls.relname
;
┌───────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────┬──────────────┐
│ object_schema │     object_name     │ object_type │ object_owner │
├───────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┤
│ public        │ tables              │ view        │ postgres     │
│ ...           │ ...                 │ ...         │ ...          │
│ exampleSchema │ example             │ table       │ dba          │
│ exampleSchema │ example_id_seq      │ sequence    │ dba          │
│ exampleSchema │ example_pkey        │ index       │ dba          │
└───────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┘
(XXX rows)

SELECT
  r.usename AS grantor,
  e.usename AS grantee,
  nspname,
  privilege_type,
  is_grantable
FROM
  pg_namespace
JOIN LATERAL (SELECT * FROM aclexplode(nspacl) AS x) a ON
  true
JOIN pg_user e ON
  a.grantee = e.usesysid
JOIN pg_user r ON
  a.grantor = r.usesysid
WHERE
  e.usename = current_user
;
┌──────────┬──────────┬────────────────────┬────────────────┬──────────────┐
│ grantor  │ grantee  │      nspname       │ privilege_type │ is_grantable │
├──────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ postgres │ postgres │ pg_catalog         │ USAGE          │ f            │
│ postgres │ postgres │ pg_catalog         │ CREATE         │ f            │
│ postgres │ postgres │ public             │ USAGE          │ f            │
│ postgres │ postgres │ public             │ CREATE         │ f            │
│ postgres │ postgres │ information_schema │ USAGE          │ f            │
│ postgres │ postgres │ information_schema │ CREATE         │ f            │
└──────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴────────────────┴──────────────┘
(6 rows)

SELECT
  *
FROM
  pg_stat_activity
;
┌───────┬───────────┬───────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┬─────────┬────────┬─────────────┬──────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ datid │  datname  │  pid  │ usesysid │ usename  │ application_name │ client_addr │ client_hostname │ client_port │         backend_start         │          xact_start           │          query_start          │         state_change          │ waiting │ state  │ backend_xid │ backend_xmin │                                    query                                    │
├───────┼───────────┼───────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 12411 │ postgres  │ 16459 │    24655 │ dba      │ psql             │ 127.0.0.1   │ (NULL)          │       49568 │ 2024-11-28 13:39:41.091595-08 │ 2024-12-01 20:09:47.198842-08 │ 2024-12-01 20:09:47.198842-08 │ 2024-12-01 20:09:47.198847-08 │ f       │ active │      (NULL) │         4838 │ SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity;                                             │
│ 12411 │ postgres  │ 23698 │       10 │ postgres │ psql             │ (NULL)      │ (NULL)          │          -1 │ 2024-11-30 11:51:07.192089-08 │ (NULL)                        │ 2024-11-30 11:51:58.141689-08 │ 2024-11-30 11:51:58.156049-08 │ f       │ idle   │      (NULL) │       (NULL) │ select table_name,                                                         ↵│
│       │           │       │          │          │                  │             │                 │             │                               │                               │                               │                               │         │        │             │              │           table_schema as schema_name,                                     ↵│
│       │           │       │          │          │                  │             │                 │             │                               │                               │                               │                               │         │        │             │              │           pg_database_size(current_database()) as total_database_size,     ↵│
│       │           │       │          │          │                  │             │                 │             │                               │                               │                               │                               │         │        │             │              │           pg_total_relation_size(table_name) as total_table_size,          ↵│
│       │           │       │          │          │                  │             │                 │             │                               │                               │                               │                               │         │        │             │              │           pg_relation_size(table_name) as table_size,                      ↵│
│       │           │       │          │          │                  │             │                 │             │                               │                               │                               │                               │         │        │             │              │           pg_indexes_size(table_name) as index_size                        ↵│
│       │           │       │          │          │                  │             │                 │             │                               │                               │                               │                               │         │        │             │              │           from information_schema.tables                                   ↵│
│       │           │       │          │          │                  │             │                 │             │                               │                               │                               │                               │         │        │             │              │           where table_schema=current_schema() and table_name like 'table_%'↵│
│       │           │       │          │          │                  │             │                 │             │                               │                               │                               │                               │         │        │             │              │           order by total_table_size;                                        │
│ ...   │ ...       │ ..... │    ..... │ ........ │ ....             │ .........   │ .........       │       ..... │ ............................. │ ............................. │ ............................. │ ............................. │ .       │ ...... │      ...... │       ...... │ ......                                                                      │
│ 24732 │ xxxxxxx   │  1015 │       10 │ postgres │ psql             │ (NULL)      │ (NULL)          │          -1 │ 2024-11-27 20:21:49.750157-08 │ (NULL)                        │ 2024-11-27 20:21:58.891633-08 │ 2024-11-27 20:21:58.900124-08 │ f       │ idle   │      (NULL) │       (NULL) │ select * from xxx.ledger;                                                   │
└───────┴───────────┴───────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
(XXX rows)

SELECT pg_terminate_backend( pid );