ct<character> # change from cursor to first occurrence of <character>
dt<character> # delete from cursor to first occurrence of <character>
yt<character> # yank from cursor to first occurrence of <character>
VI modes...normal/command, insert, and visual
Add macros, marks, etc
qa, "macro key strokes", q, @a (play macro)
place cursor, ma, `a (go to mark) and 'a (go to beginnng of mark line)
Added swap recovery scripts...in Linux - BASH -> "Scripts (files)" at bottom named swap[1-4*.sh.
x
-
+
JavaScript (JS)
<
o
>
JavaScript is a versatile programming language primarily used to create interactive features on websites, allowing for dynamic content updates and user interaction. It operates alongside HTML and CSS, enabling developers to manipulate web page elements and respond to user actions in real-time.
The **Event Loop** is the mechanism that allows JavaScript to perform non-blocking operations despite being single-threaded. It manages the execution stack, the heap (memory allocation), and the queue system.
Key Components
**Call Stack:** Where synchronous code (functions) is executed.
**Web APIs (Browser):** Functions provided by the browser, not JS itself (e.g., setTimeout(), AJAX, DOM events).
**Callback Queue (Task Queue):** Holds tasks (like event handlers or setTimeout callbacks) waiting to be pushed to the stack.
**Microtask Queue:** A higher-priority queue for Promises and queueMicrotask(). The event loop prioritizes draining the Microtask Queue *before* checking the Callback Queue.
Common Pitfalls
A zero-delay setTimeout(fn, 0) doesn't run immediately. It runs only after the current stack is completely empty, ensuring asynchronous tasks wait for synchronous code to finish.
Modern Features (ES6+)
Essential syntax for cleaner, more functional JavaScript development.
My custom script called from "/etc/logrotate.d/apache2"
/usr/sbin/apacheAccessLog.sh Ancient script...have and do use newer methods
Retrieves only the HTTP headers (metadata) from the server
curl -I https://panes.us
#] root@web:~ 21:47:16 0 [# cat /usr/sbin/apacheAccessLog.sh
#!/bin/bash
filename="/var/log/apache2/access.log.1"
hostname="localhost"
username="apache"
password="******"
database="apache"
sqltable="accessLog"
mysql -h${hostname} -u${username} -p${password} ${database} << EOQ
LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "${filename}" INTO TABLE $sqltable
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
EOQ
mysql> select substring( datetime, 1, 10 ) as dt, filename as fn, count(*) as ct from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 30 day ) and filename = '/var/www/html/us/panes/index.html' group by dt, fn;
mysql> select substring( datetime, 1, 10 ) as dt, filename as fn, substring( request, 1, 64 ) as rq, count(*) as ct from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 30 day ) and filename = '/var/www/html/us/panes/index.html' group by dt, fn, rq order by ct desc;
mysql> select * from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 1 day) and status = 404;
mysql> select count(*), substring( request, 1, 64 ), filename from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 1 day) and status = 404 group by request, filename order by count(*) desc;
mysql> select * from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 1 day) and status not in( 401, 404 );
mysql> select count(*), substring( request, 1, 64 ), filename from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 1 day) and status not in( 401, 404 ) group by request, filename order by count(*) desc;
mysql> select filename, count(*) from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 1 day ) and status <> 404 group by filename order by count(*) desc;
mysql> select filename, count(*) from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 1 day ) and status not in( 401, 404) group by filename order by count(*) desc;
mysql> select substr( filename, 1, 29 ), count(*) from accessLog where datetime > date_sub( now( ), interval 1 day ) and status not in( 401, 404 ) and filename regexp '/var/www/html/us/kohlmeyer/[cekp]' group by substr( filename, 1, 29 ) order by count(*);
BASH (Bourne Again SHell) is the standard command-line interpreter and scripting language for most Unix-like operating systems (Linux, macOS). It is the program that reads and executes commands entered by a user in a terminal.
Dual Role
BASH's power comes from its dual functionality:
Interactive Shell: It acts as the primary interface for users to control the operating system in real-time. It provides features like command history, tab completion, and command editing, making system navigation efficient.
Programming Language: It allows system administrators and developers to write shell scripts (files ending in .sh). These scripts automate complex or repetitive tasks, combining multiple system commands with logical programming constructs like loops (for, while) and conditional statements (if/else).
Core Concepts
Commands & Utilities: BASH runs external programs (utilities) like ls, grep, find, awk, etc.
Piping (|): It excels at chaining commands, where the output of one command serves as the input for the next. This allows for complex data processing.
Environment: BASH manages the environment variables (e.g., $PATH, $HOME) that define the session, influence program behavior, and determine where the system looks for executable files.
Redirection: It allows users to redirect the output of a command to a file (>) or use a file as input (<).
Author
Brian Fox
Initial release
1989-06-08
Developer
Chet Ramey
In essence, BASH is the glue that connects the user, the system utilities, and the operating system kernel, making it an indispensable tool for system control and automation.
Alias Expansion: This is the very first step, but only under specific conditions (interactive shell or shopt -s expand_aliases). This is why you can use an alias to override almost anything, including built-ins, but it is not a part of the standard PATH search.
Explicit Path: If the command contains a slash (e.g., ./script.sh or /bin/ls), BASH assumes you provided the path and tries to execute that file directly.
Shell Function: Functions take precedence over built-ins and executables in $PATH. This is a common method for overriding system commands (e.g., creating a function named ls that always includes your favorite options).
Shell Built-in: These are commands compiled directly into the BASH shell itself (e.g., cd, echo, read). They are faster than external executables.
Hash Table Check: BASH keeps a memory (the hash table) of where it previously found external executables. If the command name is in the hash table, BASH uses that cached path. This speeds up command execution, as it avoids searching all directories in $PATH every time.
$PATH Search: This is the traditional search. BASH checks each directory listed in the $PATH environment variable in order, executing the first matching file it finds.
command_not_found_handle: If all searches fail, BASH calls this function if it is defined (often used by distributions to suggest packages to install).
Error (127): The final outcome if no command is found.
II. Controlling What BASH Uses (Built-in Commands)
Built-in Command
Purpose
Precedence Used
builtin <name>
Forces BASH to use the shell built-in of that name, bypassing aliases and functions.
Forces (4) Shell Built-in
command <name>
Forces BASH to use a built-in or search the $PATH, bypassing aliases and functions.
Skips (1) & (3), executes (4) or later.
/path/to/command
Forces BASH to use a specific executable file on disk, bypassing all other lookups.
Forces (2) Explicit Path
III. Debugging and Cleanup
The provided cleanup and debugging tools (unalias, unset, hash -d, hash -t) are the correct BASH commands for managing the namespace and the command hash table. Knowing how to use hash -t to check a cached path is particularly useful for debugging stale path issues.
#]kemiko@box:~09:47:180[# cat .xmodmap
! Swap caps lock and escape...awesome for VI, but can be a pain for other apps
remove Lock = Caps_Lock
keysym Escape = Caps_Lock
keysym Caps_Lock = Escape
add Lock = Caps_Lock
#]kemiko@box:~09:47:190[#
#]kemiko@box:~12:55:360[# cat .inputrc
set editing-mode vi
set keymap vi-command
set enable-bracketed-paste Off # fixes/changes full line paste to the shell "executing" the newline...BASH 4.4 and newer
#]kemiko@box:~12:55:370[#
#]kemiko@box:~09:49:100[# cat .vimrc
" color scheme to use
color kemiko
set paste
set softtabstop=2
set expandtab
set shiftwidth=2
" macro definitions
let @y = "YP"
let @z = "YPj"
syntax on
set list
au BufRead /tmp/psql.edit.* set syntax=sql
" set listchars=tab:>-,trail:~,extends:>,precedes:<,nbsp:␣
" set listchars=tab:→\,trail:•,extends:»,precedes:«,eol:↲,nbsp:␣
set listchars=tab:➜➜,trail:∙,precedes:«,extends:»,eol:↲,nbsp:␣
syntax match NonAscii "[^\x00-\x7F]"
highlight NonAscii ctermbg=red guibg=red
" Highlight tabs as errors.
match Error /\t/
command! NonAscii /\v[^\x00-\x7F]
command! SpaceAll /^ \+$/
command! SpaceEnd / \+$/
" SOP: System Integrity - Automatic Squirrel/Graffiti Removal
" Decided against because of
#]kemiko@box:~09:49:070[# cat .gdbinit
# .gdbinit; 2024-12-09; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# alias gdb='gdb --quiet'
# show, info, help
# b = break
# d = delete
# l = list
# n = next
# q = quit
# r = run
# ! = rerun history command
# for suggestion/completion...even shows user defines
# set prompt (gdb)
set prompt \033[1m(gdb) \033[0m
set height 36
set listsize 36
set pagination 0
# on|off
set print array
# on|off
set print pretty
set history filename ~/.gdbhist
# on|off
set history save
# on|off
set history expansion
set history size 256
define clr
shell clear
end
define pin
shell printf "\033[%d;%dH" "$arg0" "$arg1"
end
#]kemiko@box:~09:49:080[#
#]kemiko@box:~00:39:530[# cat .bashrc
# generic/default lines removed for this example
umask 0002
LS_COLORS='di=1:fi=0:ln=31:pi=5:so=5:bd=5:cd=5:or=31:mi=0:ex=35:*.rpm=90'
export LS_COLORS
set -o vi
bind -m vi-command 'Control-l: clear-screen'
bind -m vi-insert 'Control-l: clear-screen'
export EDITOR='/usr/bin/vi'
export PAGER='/usr/bin/less -SX'
PATH=${PATH}:/data/bin
fnFileBase( )
{
BASENAME=$(basename ${1})
echo ${BASENAME} | awk -F'.' '{print $1}'
}
fnFileExt( )
{
BASENAME=$(basename ${1})
echo ${BASENAME##*.}
}
fnDate( )
{
date +%Y%m%d
}
fnDateLog( )
{
date +%Y-%m-%d
}
fnTime( )
{
date +%H%M%S
}
fnTimeLog( )
{
date +%H:%M:%S
}
fnAbsoluteValue( )
{
if [ "${1}" -eq "${1}" ] 2>/dev/null
then
[ $1 -lt 0 ] && echo $((-$1)) || echo $1
else
:
fi
}
# return 1 = true and 0 = false
fnInteger( )
{
local integer="$1"
if [ "${integer}" -eq "${integer}" ] 2>/dev/null
then
return 1;
else
return 0;
fi
}
if [ -f ~/.defines ]; then
. ~/.defines
fi
if [ -f ~/.aliases ]; then
. ~/.aliases
fi
if [ -f ~/.functions ]; then
. ~/.functions
fi
function fnPrompt
{
EXITSTATUS="$?"
BOLD="\[\e[1m\]"
RED="\[\e[1;31m\]"
BLACK="\[\e[30;1m\]"
GREEN="\[\e[32;1m\]"
BLUE="\[\e[34;1m\]"
YELLOW="\[\e[33;1m\]"
WHITE="\[\e[37;1m\]"
GRAY="\[\e[90;1m\]"
OFF="\[\e[m\]"
# 1. Define the non-printing title sequence inside the function
TITLE_PROMPT='\[\e]0;\u@\h:\w\a\]' # Define or just use the string directly
# 2. Define the visible part of the prompt
PROMPT="${GRAY}#] ${RED}\u${GRAY}@${YELLOW}\h${GRAY}:${BLUE}\w ${WHITE}\t"
# 3. Inject TITLE_PROMPT right before the PROMPT variable in the PS1 assignment
if [ "${EXITSTATUS}" -eq 0 ]
then
PS1="${TITLE_PROMPT}${PROMPT} ${GREEN}0 ${GRAY}[#${OFF} "
else
PS1="${TITLE_PROMPT}${PROMPT} ${RED}1 ${GRAY}[#${OFF} "
fi
PS2="${BOLD}>${OFF} "
}
PROMPT_COMMAND=fnPrompt # PROMPT_COMMAND runs just milliseconds before your prompt appears
#]kemiko@box:~00:39:540[#
#]kemiko@box:~12:56:560[# cat .aliases
# .aliases; 2024/06/17; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias ls='ls -latr'
#alias grep='grep -Iind skip' # -n, --line-number can get annoying especially when piping to another
alias grep='grep -Iid skip'
alias www-data="chown -R www-data:www-data ."
alias swpls='ls -latr .*.sw?'
alias swpfnd='find . -name ".*.sw?"'
alias backup='/usr/local/bin/backup.sh'
alias du='du -h --max-depth=1 . | sort -h'
alias job='fnJob'
alias tsls='ls -l --time-style=+%Y-%m-%d@%H:%M'
alias tssort='sort -k6,6'
# tsls | tssort
alias free='/usr/local/bin/free.sh'
alias topc="top -o COMMAND" # sort by field "%COMMAND"...if already in top press 'C'
alias topm="top -o %MEM" # sort by field "%MEM"...if already in top press 'M'
alias topp="top -o %CPU" # sort by field "%CPU"...if already in top press 'P'
alias topu="top -o USER" # sort by field "%USER"...if already in top press 'U'
alias less='/usr/bin/less -SX' # --chop-long-lines, --no-init
alias gdb='gdb -q' # -quiet
#]kemiko@box:~12:56:570[#
#]kemiko@box:~22:39:270[# cat .defines
# .defines; 2024/06/17; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
BOLD="\e[1m"
BASE="\e[0m"
BLK="\e[30;1m"
RED="\e[31;1m"
GRN="\e[32;1m"
YLW="\e[33;1m"
BLU="\e[34;1m"
WHT="\e[37;1m"
GRY="\e[90;1m"
#]kemiko@box:~22:39:280[#
#]kemiko@box:~11:22:030[# cat .functions
# .functions; 2024/06/17; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
fnFileExtension( )
{
BASENAME=$(basename ${1})
echo ${BASENAME##*.}
}
fnFileBasename( )
{
basename=$(basename ${1})
extension=$(fnFileExtension $basename)
echo $basename | awk -F".$(echo $extension)" '{print $1}'
}
fnDate( )
{
date +%Y%m%d
}
fnDateLog( )
{
date +%Y-%m-%d
}
fnTime( )
{
date +%H%M%S
}
fnTimeLog( )
{
date +%H:%M:%S
}
fnAbsoluteValue( )
{
if [ "${1}" -eq "${1}" ] 2>/dev/null
then
[ ${1} -lt 0 ] && echo $((-${1})) || echo ${1}
fi
}
function fnPrompt
{
# In your initialization file (.bashrc) source this function and add "PROMPT_COMMAND=fnPrompt"
EXITSTATUS="$?"
BOLD="\[\e[1m\]"
RED="\[\e[1;31m\]"
BLACK="\[\e[30;1m\]"
GREEN="\[\e[32;1m\]"
BLUE="\[\e[34;1m\]"
YELLOW="\[\e[33;1m\]"
WHITE="\[\e[37;1m\]"
GRAY="\[\e[90;1m\]"
OFF="\[\e[0m\]"
PROMPT="${GRAY}#] ${RED}\u${GRAY}@${YELLOW}\h${GRAY}:${BLUE}\w ${WHITE}\t"
if [ "${EXITSTATUS}" -eq 0 ]
then
PS1="${PROMPT} ${GREEN}0 ${GRAY}[#${OFF} "
else
PS1="${PROMPT} ${RED}1 ${GRAY}[#${OFF} "
fi
PS2="${BOLD}>${OFF} "
export PS1 PS2
}
function fnJob( )
{
# Awesome function for bringing a background job, by name NOT number, to the foreground...
# I couldn't use an alias (issues with pipes, etc) or shell script ("jobs" command doesn't work)
# An argument, jobs command string, must be entered..."-/+" work like with the "fg" command
# The first "match" will be brought to the foreground
# If there isn't a "match" in the background the argument entered will be opened with "vi"
if [ ${#} -eq 0 ]
then
# Can't use the standard shell script "${0}" to get the function name
printf '\e[1mUsage: %s <filename>\n' "${FUNCNAME[0]}\e[0m"
return 1
fi
jobNumber=$(jobs | "grep" "${1}" | cut -d] -f1 | cut -c2- | head -n 1)
fileName=$("ls" | "grep" "${1}" | head -n 1)
if [ "${jobNumber}" != "" ]
then
fg "${jobNumber}"
elif [ "${fileName}" != "" ]
then
eval vi "${fileName}"
else
eval vi "${1}"
fi
}
function fnDecodeURL( )
{
echo "$@" \
| sed -E 's/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/\\x\1/g;s/\+/ /g'
}
function fnEncodeURL( )
{
# Conform RFC 3986
echo "$@" \
| sed \
-e 's/ /%20/g' \
-e 's/:/%3A/g' \
-e 's/,/%2C/g' \
-e 's/\?/%3F/g' \
-e 's/#/%23/g' \
-e 's/\[/%5B/g' \
-e 's/\]/%5D/g' \
-e 's/@/%40/g' \
-e 's/!/%21/g' \
-e 's/\$/%24/g' \
-e 's/&/%26/g' \
-e "s/'/%27/g" \
-e 's/(/%28/g' \
-e 's/)/%29/g' \
-e 's/\*/%2A/g' \
-e 's/\+/%2B/g' \
-e 's/,/%2C/g' \
-e 's/;/%3B/g' \
-e 's/=/%3D/g'
}
#]kemiko@box:~11:22:040[#
Scripting Tips
Use shebang "#!/usr/bin/env bash" over "#!/bin/bash" for portablity
Individual parts that future you or others may find hard to understand at a glance
Quote or backslash commands in scripts to prevent aliases when debugging with cut/paste into the shell
Second line of your scripts should be "#set -x"...for debugging un/comment as needed
Wrap variable name references in "${}" when in traffice or in question
Use "$(command)" instead of "`command`"...easier to read/debug and can be nested...vim friendly % bracket match
If you could only have one command what would it be? Mine would be "find" because it can execute other commands.
printf vs echo command
printf
part of the UI
part of the logic
part of final behavior
echo
this is temporary
this is noise
should be removed later
Scripts (quick)
echo -ne "\033]0;<title>\007" # set terminal title..."<title>" being anything you want
for i in ${PATH//:/ }; do ls $i; done | sort | uniq | wc -l # rough number of system commands
locate --regexp "\.ttf$" | awk -F'/' '{print $NF}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n # "locate" all TTFs...uniq list with count of each font
locate --regexp "\.ttf$" | while read file; do ls -lah --time-style=long-iso "$file"; done | grep ' 202' | sort -k6,6 -n # "locate" all TTFs...list from the 2020s
while [ true ]; do date; "free" -m; read key; done # watch memory usage
while [ true ]; do date; "free" -m; sleep 30; done # watch memory usage
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin18:52:280[# cat termTitle.sh
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
# termTitle.sh; 2025/10/11; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# Initialize title parts
title=""
# Set options
U="${USER:-$(whoami)}"
H="${HOSTNAME:-$(hostname -s)}"
P="${PWD:-$(pwd)}"
T=$(tty)
# Strip the leading "/dev/" using pure Bash expansion
T=${T##/dev/}
args=("$@")
# Check if arguments are empty (no positional parameters passed)
if [ ${#args[@]} -eq 0 ] # Use ${#args[@]} for robust array size check
then
# Assign the default options as SEPARATE array elements
#args=("-h" "-t" "-p")
# Instead set the default title as...
title="${U}@${H}:${P}"
echo title=$title
echo -ne "\033]0;${title}\007"
exit 0
fi
# Print the arguments for debugging (using quotes for best practice)
#echo "Arguments to process: ${args[@]}"
# Loop through all elements of the array correctly
for arg in "${args[@]}"
do
case "$arg" in
-h|--host)
title+="${H}:"
;;
-p|--pwd)
title+="${P}:"
;;
-t|--tty)
title+="${T}:"
;;
-u|--user)
title+="${U}:"
;;
*)
title+="$arg:"
;;
esac
done
# Trim trailing colons
title=$(echo "$title" | sed 's/:*$//')
echo title=$title
# Set terminal title
echo -ne "\033]0;${title}\007"
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin18:52:300[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin08:51:350[# cat backup.sh
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
# backup.sh; 2017/07/18; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# source environment file(s)
. /usr/local/bin/.defines > /dev/null 2>&1
. /usr/local/bin/.functions > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${#} -eq 0 ]
then
printf "\e[1;29mUsage: %s <file>\e[0m\n" "${0}"
exit 1
fi
if [ ! -s ${1} ]
then
printf "\e[1;29mFile \"${1}\" does not exist with size!\e[0m\n"
exit 1
fi
dir=".backup"
date=$(fnDate)
file=$(basename ${1})
if [ -s ${file} ]
then
if [ ! -d ${dir} ]
then
mkdir ${dir}
chmod 750 ${dir}
fi
cp -ip ${file} ${dir}/${file}.${date}
chmod 440 ${dir}/${file}.${date}
fi
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin08:51:360[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin20:56:510[# cat integerTest.sh
#!/bin/bash
# integerTest.sh; 2025/09/21; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
if [ -n "${1}" ] && [ "${1}" -eq "${1}" ] 2>/dev/null
then
echo number
else
echo not a number
fi
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin20:56:530[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin20:30:250[# cat lines.sh
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
# lines.sh; 2024/06/15; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# display range of lines from a file
# source defines
. /usr/local/bin/.defines > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${#} -lt 3 ]
then
printf "${BOLD}Usage: $(basename ${0}) <file> <start line> <stop line>${BASE}\n"
exit 1
fi
if [ ! -s ${1} ]
then
printf "${BOLD}\"${1}\" is not a regular file with size!${BASE}\n"
exit 1
fi
if [ "${2}" -eq "${2}" ] 2>/dev/null && [ "${3}" -eq "${3}" ] 2>/dev/null
then
:
else
printf "${BOLD}\"${2}\" (start) and/or \"${3}\" (stop) is not an integer${BASE}\n"
exit 1
fi
if [ ${2} -le 0 ] || [ ${3} -le 0 ]
then
printf "${BOLD}\"${2}\" (start) and/or \"${3}\" (stop) can't be zero/negative${BASE}\n"
exit 1
fi
if [ ${3} -gt $(wc -l ${1} | cut -d' ' -f1) ]
then
printf "${BOLD}\"${3}\" (stop) shouldn't be greater than the file line count of \"$(wc -l ${1} | cut -d' ' -f1)\"${BASE}\n"
exit 1
fi
if [ "${2}" -gt "${3}" ] 2>/dev/null
then
printf "${BOLD}\"${2}\" (start) can't be greater than \"${3}\" (stop)${BASE}\n"
exit 1
fi
head -n ${3} ${1} | tail -n $(expr ${3} - ${2} + 1)
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin20:30:260[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin08:57:180[# cat free.sh
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
# 2024-07-26; free.sh; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# This script shows memory usage in...
# bytes, kibibytes, mebibytes, or gibibytes
# Add seconds argument to pause until...
# <enter> is pressed
# don't echo key presses to screen
stty -echo
# don't show cursor
tput civis
trap 'tput cnorm; stty echo; exit 1' 0 1 2 15
# set defaults
size=m
seconds=86400
if [ ${#} -eq 0 ]
then
printf "\e[1mUsage: %s <b|k|m|g> [seconds]\e[0m\n" "${0}"
exit 1
fi
if [ ${1} != b ] && [ ${1} != k ] && [ ${1} != m ] && [ ${1} != g ]
then
printf "\e[1mArgument one, \"${1}\", is not \"b|k|m|g\"\e[0m\n"
exit 1
else
size=${1}
fi
# test if argument two is set
if [ -z ${2+x} ]
then
:
else
# test if argument two is an integer
if [ "${2}" -eq "${2}" ] 2>/dev/null
then
seconds=${2}
else
printf "\e[1mArgument two, \"${2}\", is not an integer\e[0m\n"
exit 1
fi
fi
clear
while [ 1 ]
do
printf "\e[1m%s\e[0m\n" "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d @ %H:%M:%S (%A)')"
free -w${size}
read -t ${seconds}
done
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin08:57:190[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin09:13:010[# cat highlight.sh
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
# 2025-01-06; highlight.sh; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# This script highlights pattern(s) in file(s)
if [ ${#} -eq 0 ]
then
printf "\e[1mUsage: %s <regex> <file(s)>\e[0m\n" "${0}"
exit 1
fi
init=0
filesValid=""
filesError=""
errors=0
for file in "${@}"
do
echo file: ${file}
if [ ${init} -eq 0 ]
then
init=1
else
if [ -f ${file} ]
then
filesValid=$(printf "%s %s" "${filesValid}" "${file}")
else
errors=$(expr ${errors} + 1)
filesError=$(printf "%s \"%s\"" "${filesError}" "${file}")
fi
fi
done
if [ ${errors} -gt 0 ]
then
printf "\e[1mError: %s file(s) are not valid...%s\e[0m\n" "${errors}" "${filesError}"
exit ${errors}
fi
"egrep" -iIn --color=auto "${1}|$" ${filesValid} /dev/null
exit 0
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin09:13:020[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin17:55:520[# cat commentsRemoveWebPage.sh
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
# 2024-11-23; commentsRemoveWebPage.sh; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# Removes HTML and CStyle (JavaScript) comments
# If running a large file this will take a lot of "time"
# Usage: [time] cat <input file> | commentsRemoveWebPage.sh > <output file>
scriptHead=0
scriptTail=0
commentSingle=0
commentMultiHead=0
commentMultiTail=0
commentHTMLHead=0
commentHTMLTail=0
if [ -t 0 ]
then
printf "\e[1mPlease supply stdin\e[0m\n"
exit 1
fi
# Setting "IFS='' (Field Splitting) prevents readline from
# stripping leading and trailing whitespace from the line.
# Use "read -r" to not interpret a backslash (\) character
while IFS='' read -r line
do
echo "${line}" | "grep" '<script>' > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
scriptHead=1
fi
echo "${line}" | "grep" '</script>' > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
scriptTail=1
fi
if [ ${scriptHead} -eq 1 ] && [ ${scriptTail} -eq 1 ]
then
echo "${line}"
scriptHead=0
scriptTail=0
elif [ ${scriptHead} -eq 1 ]
then
if [ ${#line} -eq 0 ]
then
echo "${line}"
else
echo "${line}" | "grep" '\/\*' > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
commentMultiHead=$(expr ${commentMultiHead} + 1)
fi
echo "${line}" | "grep" '\*\/' > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
commentMultiTail=1
fi
if [ ${commentMultiHead} -eq 1 ] && [ ${commentMultiTail} -eq 1 ]
then
output=$(echo "${line}" | sed 's; *\/\*.*\*\/ *;;')
if [ ${#output} -ne 0 ]
then
echo "${output}"
fi
commentMultiHead=0
commentMultiTail=0
elif [ ${commentMultiTail} -eq 1 ]
then
output=$(echo "${line}" | sed 's;.*\*\/ *;;')
if [ ${#output} -ne 0 ]
then
echo "${output}"
fi
commentMultiHead=0
commentMultiTail=0
elif [ ${commentMultiHead} -ge 1 ]
then
if [ ${commentMultiHead} -eq 1 ]
then
output=$(echo "${line}" | sed 's; *\/\*.*;;')
if [ ${#output} -ne 0 ]
then
echo "${output}"
fi
fi
commentMultiHead=$(expr ${commentMultiHead} + 1)
else
commentSingle=0
echo ${line} | "grep" '\/\/' > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
commentSingle=1
fi
url=0
echo ${line} | "grep" ':\/\/' > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
url=1
fi
if [ ${commentSingle} -eq 1 ] && [ ${url} -ne 1 ]
then
output=$(echo "${line}" | sed 's; *\/\/.*;;')
if [ ${#output} -ne 0 ]
then
echo "${output}"
fi
else
echo "${line}"
fi
fi
fi
elif [ ${scriptTail} -eq 1 ]
then
echo "${line}"
scriptHead=0
scriptTail=0
else
echo "${line}" | "grep" '<!--' > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
commentHTMLHead=$(expr ${commentHTMLHead} + 1)
fi
echo "${line}" | "grep" '\-\->' > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
commentHTMLTail=1
fi
if [ ${commentHTMLHead} -eq 1 ] && [ ${commentHTMLTail} -eq 1 ]
then
output=$(echo "${line}" | sed 's/ *<!--.*--> *//')
if [ ${#output} -ne 0 ]
then
echo "${output}"
fi
commentHTMLHead=0
commentHTMLTail=0
elif [ ${commentHTMLTail} -eq 1 ]
then
output=$(echo "${line}" | sed 's/.*--> *//')
if [ ${#output} -ne 0 ]
then
echo "${output}"
fi
commentHTMLHead=0
commentHTMLTail=0
elif [ ${commentHTMLHead} -ge 1 ]
then
if [ ${commentHTMLHead} -eq 1 ]
then
output=$(echo "${line}" | sed 's/ *<!--.*//')
if [ ${#output} -ne 0 ]
then
echo "${output}"
fi
fi
commentHTMLHead=$(expr ${commentHTMLHead} + 1)
else
echo "${line}"
fi
fi
done
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin17:55:530[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin23:36:250[# cat swap1Backup.sh
#!/bin/bash
# swap1Backup.sh; 2024/09/15; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# backup all vi swap files with "backup.sh" script
ls .*sw? |
cut -c2- |
awk -F'.sw' '{print $1}' |
while read file
do
/usr/local/bin/backup.sh ${file} < /dev/tty
done
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin23:36:260[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin23:36:290[# cat swap2Recover.sh
#!/bin/bash
# swap2Recover.sh; 2024/09/15; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# recover vi files with command switches
ls .*sw? |
cut -c2- |
awk -F'.sw' '{print $1}' |
while read file
do
echo ${file}
vi -X -r ${file} -c "w!" -c "q!" < /dev/tty &&> /dev/null
done
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin23:36:300[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin23:36:330[# cat swap3Diff.sh
#!/bin/bash
# swap3Diff.sh; 2024/09/15; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
# diff command all vi recovered files
# | grep "^<" or "^>" for viewing old vs new sparately
date=$(date +%Y%m%d)
ls .*sw? |
cut -c2- |
awk -F'.sw' '{print $1}' |
while read file
do
echo ${file}
diff .backup/${file}.${date} ${file}
done
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin23:36:340[#
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin23:36:360[# cat swap4Remove.sh
#!/bin/bash
# swap4Remove.sh; 2024/09/15; Kent M Kohlmeyer (kemiko)
if [[ ${#} -eq 0 || (${1} != 'y' && ${1} != 'Y' && ${1} != 'n' && ${1} != 'N') ]]
then
printf "\e[1mUsage: ${0} ("y" = prompt, "n" = no prompt)\e[0m\n"
exit 1
fi
ls .*sw? |
while read file
do
if [[ ${1} == 'y' || ${1} == 'Y' ]]
then
rm -i ${file} < /dev/tty
else
\rm ${file}
fi
done
#]kemiko@web:/usr/local/bin23:36:370[#
Background color hints:
-Adjust colors: set the "CoNtRoL PaNeL" ➜ "Color" drop-down to "Background". Then use the color sliders above it.
-View settings: double click the "CoNtRoL PaNeL" title bar or the footer. View "About" pane ➜ "Background:" value.
In a database, a tuple represents a single row in a table, containing data for one specific record, while attributes are the columns that define the properties of the data in that tuple. Each attribute corresponds to a specific type of information, such as a name or an ID, and together they form the relation (structure) of the table.
Alpha and Omega Semiconductor Limited, or AOS, is a designer, developer and global supplier of a broad range of power semiconductors, including a wide portfolio of Power MOSFET, IGBT and Power IC products.
AOS has developed extensive intellectual property and technical knowledge that encompasses the latest advancements in the power semiconductor industry, which enables it to introduce innovative products to address the increasingly complex power requirements of advanced electronics.
AOS differentiates itself by integrating its Discrete and IC semiconductor process technology, product design, and advanced packaging know-how to develop high performance power management solutions.
AOS's portfolio of products targets high-volume applications, including portable computers, flat panel TVs, LED lighting, smart phones, battery packs, consumer and industrial motor controls and power supplies for TVs, computers, servers and telecommunications equipment.
For more information, please visit www.aosmd.com.
For investor relations, please contact So-Yeon Jeong at investors@aosmd.com.
"Great Minds Discuss Ideas; Average Minds Discuss Events; Small Minds Discuss People"
― First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
"In America, there are two tax systems: one for the informed and one for the uninformed. Both are legal"
― Learned Hand
“Lottery: A tax on people who are bad at math.”
― Ambrose Bierce
"Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results"
― Unknown
"Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity"
― Martin Luther King, Jr
"I would explain, but I don't have enough time or crayons"
― Unknown
"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it"
― Pablo Picasso
"The devil is in the details" ("God is in the details")
― Gustave Flaubert
"But instinct is something which transcends knowledge. We have, undoubtedly, certain finer
fibers that enable us to perceive truths when logical deduction, or any other willful effort of the
brain, is futile"
― Nikola Tesla
"Laughter is the shortest distance between two people"
― Victor Borge
"I love and appreciate how much we have in common and also those places where we differ"
― Agent Pumpkin
"If you tell the truth you don't have to remember anything"
― Mark Twain
"Trust me my heart is always in a good place for you"
― Agent K^2
"Always think of those whom love you"
― Agent K^2
"There's never a moment when I'm not thinking of you. There will never be a time when I don't love you.
― Agent Pumpkin
"I contend that for a nation to try to tax itself into prosperity is like a man standing in a bucket and
trying to lift himself up by the handle"
― Winston Churchill
"Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. And today?
Today is a gift. That's why we call it the present."
― First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
"First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a socialist.
Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a Jew.
Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me."
― Martin Niemöller
"If you don't read the news, you're uninformed. If you do read the news, you're misinformed."
― Unknown (Denzel Washington - recently)
"It’s easier to ask forgiveness than to get permission."
― Unknown (Grace Hopper - recently)
"A crisis is a terrible thing to waste."
― Paul Romer
"First come the innovators, who see opportunities that others don’t and champion new ideas that create
genuine value.
Then come the imitators, who copy what the innovators have done. Sometimes they improve on the original
idea, often they tarnish it.
Last come the idiots, whose avarice undermines the very innovations they are trying to exploit."
― Warren Buffet
"Your thoughts become things!"
― Rhonda Byrne
"There are known knowns; there are things we know we know.
We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know.
But there are also unknown unknowns -- the ones we don't know we don't know."
― Donald Rumsfeld
"The trouble with socialism is that you eventually run out of other people's money."
― Margaret Thatcher
"There is no limit to the amount of good you can do if you don't care who gets the credit."
― Ronald Reagan
"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
― Albert Einstein
Xiaomi Titans Metal is a proprietary alloy developed by Xiaomi that is used in their electric vehicles, achieving high strength and resilience while being about 17% lighter than traditional aluminum. This material is part of Xiaomi's innovative approach to manufacturing, which includes advanced die-casting techniques to enhance production efficiency and vehicle performance.
Overview of Xiaomi Titans Metal
Xiaomi Titans Metal is a proprietary alloy developed by Xiaomi for use in their electric vehicles (EVs). This innovative material plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance and efficiency of their vehicles.
Key Features
High Strength and Resilience: Xiaomi Titans Metal is designed to provide superior strength and resilience compared to traditional aluminum.
Weight Reduction: The alloy is approximately 17% lighter than conventional aluminum, contributing to improved vehicle efficiency and performance.
Advanced Manufacturing: The development of this alloy is part of Xiaomi's broader strategy to innovate in automotive manufacturing, particularly through advanced die-casting techniques.
Manufacturing Process
Integrated Die-Casting Technology
Xiaomi employs integrated die-casting technology to produce vehicle components using Titans Metal. This process involves:
Single Component Production: Multiple parts are molded into a single component, reducing the number of individual pieces and simplifying assembly.
Efficiency: The casting process is significantly faster, allowing for quicker production times and lower manufacturing costs.
Economic Implications
The use of Xiaomi Titans Metal and integrated die-casting technology has several economic impacts:
Cost-Effective Production: By reducing the number of parts and assembly time, Xiaomi can offer competitive pricing for their EVs.
Repair Challenges: While production costs are lower, the design may lead to higher repair costs due to the difficulty in replacing large, integrated components after accidents.
Conclusion
Xiaomi Titans Metal represents a significant advancement in automotive materials, combining lightweight properties with high strength. This innovation, alongside advanced manufacturing techniques, positions Xiaomi as a competitive player in the electric vehicle market.
Modena platform
The Modena platform is a self-developed technology by Xiaomi used in their electric vehicles, specifically the SU7 sedan and the YU7 crossover, which integrates the battery pack as a structural component for enhanced safety and performance. This innovative design features upside-down battery cells to improve safety by directing potential fire or force away from occupants during a crash.
Overview of the Modena Platform
The Modena platform is an innovative technology developed by Xiaomi for their electric vehicles, specifically the SU7 sedan and the YU7 crossover. This platform integrates the battery pack as a structural component, enhancing both safety and performance.
Key Features
Battery Configuration: The Modena platform utilizes upside-down battery cells. This design helps to redirect potential fire or force downwards, away from vehicle occupants, significantly improving safety during accidents.
Structural Integration: The battery pack is not just a power source but also contributes to the vehicle's structural integrity, allowing for a more efficient use of space and weight distribution.
The Modena platform represents Xiaomi's commitment to safety and innovation in the electric vehicle market, setting a new standard for vehicle design and engineering.
1. Filter for interactive SSH logins
bash> grep sshd.\*Failed /var/log/auth.log | less
2. Filter for failed connections (i.e. no login attempted, could be a port scanner, etc)
bash> grep sshd.\*Did /var/log/auth.log | less
Rule #1: Backup Everything ( and validate the backup regularly ) Rule #2: Master the Command Line ( and avoid the UI if possible ) Rule #3: Automate Everything ( and become lazy ) Rule #4: Document very well ( in code and in man pages )
This checks for intellectual curiosity and ability to connect past events to modern
problem-solving.
▸
What do you think is the most important/significant invention?
A strong answer requires critical thought about societal impact. Good answers often cite
things like the Printing Press, Semiconductor, or Sewage System.
▸
What is your life story? The decisions you made along the way, and why you made them.
This is a behavioral question designed to test self-reflection, planning, and ability to
communicate complex personal narratives concisely.
▸
What are the most difficult problems you have worked on and how did you solve them?
Use the STAR method (Situation, Task, Action, Result) to describe a technical or complex
challenge, emphasizing the process of diagnosis and resolution.
▸
What was your favorite year in/of life?
A light question designed to gauge optimism, passion, and ability to recall positive events.
▸
What was your biggest missed opportunity?
This gauges risk tolerance and self-reflection. A strong answer shows learning from
the experience rather than simply regret, and confirms a willingness to seize future chances.
▸
Who do you look up to?
This identifies values and aspirations. The person chosen often reflects the candidate's
perception of success, ethics, or professional excellence.
▸
What is the one experience you would really like to relive?
A light question designed to reveal what brings the candidate genuine joy or satisfaction,
often relating to professional accomplishment or personal milestone.
▸
Where do you see yourself in the next five years?
This checks ambition and commitment to the field. A good answer aligns their career
growth with the company's trajectory and opportunities.
▸
Do you enjoy focusing on one task or many?
This assesses work style and adaptability. Neither answer is inherently right; the key is
the justification (e.g., "I prefer deep focus, but I can context-switch effectively when needed").
▸
Do you prefer working with people or alone?
This assesses collaboration style. The ideal answer balances both: acknowledging the need for
deep, focused, solo work (coding/writing) with the equal importance of
teamwork and communication (planning/debugging/review).
▸
Do you prefer pushing a pencil or getting your hands dirty?
This is an analogy for planning vs. execution. "Pencil" implies planning, documentation,
or architecture; "hands dirty" implies immediate coding, debugging, or systems integration.
A good developer values both stages.
▸
Love job vs love pay?
This tests motivation and long-term satisfaction. The answer should balance financial
stability with passion for the work. A strong candidate emphasizes job satisfaction but
confirms compensation must be competitive/fair.
▸
Have you ever been fired, laid off, or asked to leave? If so, why?
A classic behavioral risk assessment. If the answer is yes, the focus must be on
accountability, learning, and growth derived from the experience, not on blaming past
employers.
▸
Do you root for underdogs?
A soft question that touches on empathy, fairness, and willingness to challenge the status
quo. It can reveal if the candidate supports smaller teams, emerging technologies, or difficult
projects.
▸
If you have time to waste on your phone...what would you do?
This is a lifestyle question to gauge leisure interests and digital consumption habits.
Responses might range from reading tech news or articles (positive) to social media scrolling
(neutral/negative).
▸
Do you play video games? If so, what type(s)?
A casual question that can reveal problem-solving styles (e.g., strategy, puzzle games) or
teamwork experience (MMOs, cooperative games).
▸
If you play video games do you use the "cheat codes"? If so, why?
This tests adherence to rules vs. efficiency/curiosity. Using cheats to quickly test mechanics
(like a QA role) is different from using them to simply avoid effort. Good answers focus on the
reason for the deviation.
▸
How many odd vs even calendar days are there?
This checks for precision and detailed calculation. Note: Many people quickly give the trick answer that there is only one more odd day than even day (183 vs. 182, based on the sequential day number 1–365).
The actual count for calendar date numbers (1st, 2nd, 3rd... 31st) in a standard 365-day year is:
There are 186 odd-numbered calendar dates (e.g., 1st, 3rd, 5th... 31st).
There are 179 even-numbered calendar dates (e.g., 2nd, 4th, 6th... 30th).
The answer is more odd days by a margin of 7.
▸
What was the toughest challenge in your life? What was the outcome?
This is a resilience and character assessment. The key is not the challenge itself, but the
process used to overcome it, emphasizing perseverance and
positive outcome/learning.
▸
What was the scariest moment in your life?
A deep behavioral/personal question. Focus on the emotional management during the
event and how the candidate handled high-stress situations. Avoid overly dramatic or inappropriate
topics.
▸
Which character do you like better ':' or ';'? Why?
This tests code philosophy. The semicolon ';' terminates statements in C-style languages;
the colon ':' starts a block in others. A good answer reveals if the candidate prioritizes
explicit termination or minimalist syntax.
▸
Which character do you like better '<' or '>'? Why?
This tests context awareness. Both are crucial (e.g., HTML tags, comparison operators).
The preference usually depends on the candidate's core domain (frontend vs. backend logic).
▸
Which character do you like better '/' or '\'? Why?
This tests OS and web history knowledge. The forward slash '/' is the universal separator
for URLs and Unix/Linux paths. The backslash '\' is primarily used in Windows file systems.
The forward slash is generally preferred for its universality and platform neutrality.
▸
Which character do you like better '.' or '?', or '!'? Why?
This tests communication style. The choice reveals if the candidate favors finality '.',
inquiry '?', or urgency/emotion '!'.
▸
What is the percentage difference measuring a rectangle corner to corner diagionally vs the edges?
The maximum saving is for a square, where you save ≈ 30% of the distance (the actual figure is
29.3%). For other rectangles, the saving percentage is less than 30%, but measuring diagonally
always saves distance.
▸
Why is a circle 360 degrees?
This is based on the Babylonian sexagesimal (base 60) number system and their observations
that the solar year is approximately 360 days. The number 360 is highly divisible (by 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 8, 9, 10, 12, etc.), which made it perfect for astronomy and calculations.
▸
Why is time measured in 60?
Time is measured in 60 because the ancient Sumerians and later the Babylonians used a
sexagesimal (base 60) system for mathematics and astronomy, a system well-suited for division
into many equal parts. This system was inherited by later civilizations.
▸
Please explain an admin role vs a developer role.
This checks for knowledge of organizational structure and the modern DevOps philosophy.
A Developerdesigns, builds, and tests the application environment, then fixes and enhances the code in production.
An Admin (or Operations) secures, deploys, and ensures uptime of the production environment via hardware replacement, load monitoring, backups, and patching.
There is a classic discussion of who is more important. Modern philosophy (DevOps) emphasizes strong communication and shared ownership, though some shops still maintain strictly separate duties.
▸
Interviewee
▸
What is the style of your general/project management?
This checks for alignment with the company's culture (e.g., Agile, Waterfall, Scrum). The
interviewer should be prepared to describe their approach to prioritization, communication, and
expectation setting.
▸
What are goals and reviews like?
This reveals the feedback and performance culture. The interviewer should describe the
frequency (annual/quarterly), the format (360/top-down), and how goal setting (OKRs/SMART)
is implemented.
▸
How big is the team I will be working on?
A crucial question for the candidate to gauge the scope of responsibility (large team =
specialized role, small team = generalist). The interviewer should state the size and the
composition (e.g., 5 engineers, 1 designer, 1 PM).
▸
What exact platform(s) does your shop use?
This tests for technical fit. The interviewer should list the core technologies (e.g., cloud
provider, primary language, database, CI/CD tools) and any upcoming migration plans.
▸
What is your test environment like?
This reveals quality assurance maturity. The interviewer should detail the staging
environments, the automation level (unit/integration/E2E tests), and the process for
deploying code for QA.
▸
Do you pay for professional training?
This reveals the company's investment in employee growth. The interviewer should detail the
budget, tuition reimbursement, conference allowances, or internal training programs available.
▸
Does this position require on call?
A critical question to confirm work-life balance. The interviewer must clearly state the frequency (e.g., 1 week in 6), compensation (paid standby/OT), and whether it's
severity-level dependent.
▸
Do you pay for a work cell phone?
A simple perk/expense question. If the job requires mobile access for monitoring or
communication, the company typically provides or subsidizes the device/plan.
▸
Do you have an ESPP and/or a 401K?
This checks for financial benefits. ESPP (Employee Stock Purchase Plan) offers
discounted company stock. 401K should detail the company matching structure (e.g.,
50% match up to 6% salary).
▸
What is your vacation/holiday time? Is it a PTO bucket?
This clarifies paid time off policies. PTO (Paid Time Off) is a single bucket for
vacation and sick days. The interviewer should state the number of days and whether time
rolls over or is use-it-or-lose-it.
▸
What is your medical insurance like?
This medical insurance question requires detailing the plan type (HMO/PPO), deductible, and employee premium contribution.
▸
May I see my where my desk will be?
The desk location should actually be shown or and explanation of why it can not be shown.
Idiom: a group of words established by usage as having a
meaning not deducible from those of the individual words
Idioms and phrases
Favorite idioms are colored
(Do a) 180
(With) 20/20 hindsight
24/7
30,000 foot view
86('d)
50/50 (fifty-fifty)
A bird in the hand is better than two in the bush
A bit of a stretch
(Even) A broken/stopped clock is right twice a day
A chip off the old block
(Throw) A curve ball
A dime a dozen
A far cry
A hop, skip, and a jump
A little bird told me
(Have) A lot on your plate
A pencil pusher
A picture is worth a thousand words
A rising tide lifts all boats
A roll in the hay
A rough patch
A sandwich short of a picnic
A short fuse
A snowball’s chance in hell
A steal
A storm is brewing
A wash
(Be) A weight off (one's) mind/shoulders
(Cast) A wide net
Above board
Above the law
Actions speak louder than words
Add(ing) up
Ahead of the curve
Air (one's) dirty laundry
All bark and no bite
All hands on deck
All talk, no walk
All the marbles
Ambulance chasing
Amped-up
Ants in your pants
Apple of my eye
Apples to apples
Apples to oranges
Are you game
Arm candy
As if
As the crow flies
Ass handed to you
Assclown
At a crossroads
At a snail's pace
At arm's length
At large
At the back of (your) mind
At the drop of a hat
At the end of (your) rope
Average Joe
(An) Ax(e) to grind
Baby steps
Back of the envelope
(Whoa,) Back the bus up
Back to square one
(Go) Back to the drawing board
Back to/against the wall
Back-alley
Back-of-the-envelope
Backdoor
Backfire
Backhanded compliment
Backpedal
Backseat driver
Backstabber
(A) Bad apple
Back to the salt mines
Bad boy
(A) Bad egg
Bait and switch
(Have) Back to the wall
(Excess) Baggage
Baked in(to the cake)
Bald-faced lie
Ball of yarn
(A) Ballpark figure
Balls to the wall
Balls-out
Bare bones
Barfly
Barking up the wrong tree
Batten down the hatches
Battery challenged/issues
Be even (with someone)
Be out
Be short (with someone)
Be toast
Beat a dead horse
Beat around the bush
Beat (it) out (of)
Beat the clock
Beater
(To) Beef up
Behind your back
Bells and whistles
Bend a knee
Bend (one's) ear
Bend over backwards
(Go on a) Bender
(To get) Bent out of shape
Beside yourself with joy
(Put one's) Best foot forward
Bet you dollars to doughnuts
Bet your bottom dollar
Better (to be) safe than sorry
(The) Big cheese
Big deal
Bigger fish to fry
Bigwig
Bingo
(A) Bird's eye view
Birdbrain
Birds of a feather (flock together)
Bite off more than you can chew
Bite the bullet
Bittersweet
Bite your tongue
Black and white
Blacklist
Black sheep
Blank out
Black swan
Black sheep
Black tie
(A) Blessing in disguise
Blood in the water
Blow a gasket
Blow off (some) steam
Blow (something) out of the water
Blow smoke
Blow sunshine up (one's) ass
Blow the lid off
Blow this popsicle stand
Blow your cork
Blown away
Blue box
Blue in the face
Blue screen of death
Boatload
(And) Bob's your uncle
Boil down
Boil the ocean
Bold-faced lie
(Drop a) bombshell
Boo
Bookworm
Booty call
(A) Boomer
Boots on the ground
(Give someone) Both barrels
Bottle up
Bottleneck
(The) Bottom line
Bottom of the barrel
Bottomless
Bottoms up
Box in
Brain cramp/freeze
(It's not) Brain surgery
Bread and butter
Breadwinner
Break a leg
Break the ice
Break the mold
Brick
Brick and mortar
Bring home the bacon
Broaden your horizons
Broken record
Brownie points
Brush off
Brush up
Brute force
Bucket list
Buckle down
Buckle up
Bug
(Like a) Bull in a china shop
Bulletproof
Burn
Burn bridges
(Some money is) Burn(ing) a hole in your pocket
Burn(ing) daylight
Burn(ing) the Midnight oil
Burn(ing) daylight
Bury(ing) the hatchet
Bust (your) balls
Busy as a bee
Busy beaver
Butchered
Butter up
Butterfingers
(Have) Butterflies in (your) stomach
Butthead
Butthurt
Button your lip
Buttons are working but the electricity's out
(I don't) Buy it
Buzz off
By Heart
By leaps and bounds
By the balls
By the book
(To escape) By the skin of your teeth
Cadillac
(A) Calkwalk
Call in/out/off
Call it
Callback hell
(The) Calm before the storm
Came unleashed
Camp(ing) out
(Open a) Can of worms
(You) Can't change a leopard's spots
(You) Can't put the toothpaste back in the tube
Can't see the forest through the trees
(You) Can't teach an old dog new tricks
Carrot and stick
Carry (someone's) water
Carrying coals to Newcastle
Cash cow
Cat got your tongue?
Catcall
Catch my drift
Catch red-handed
Catfish(ing)
Caught between a rock and a hard place
Caught flat-footed
Caught with (one's) hand in the cookie jar
Chain of command
Chalk it up
Change of heart
Charley horse (punch)
Chase your (own) tail
Chatty Cathy
(The) Check is in the mail
Checked out
Cheesy
Cherry-pick
Cherry on top
Chew (your) ear off
Chicken and egg
Chicken out
(A) Chip off the old block
(A) Chip on (your) shoulder
Chump change
(Poor as a) Churchmouse
Circle back
Circle the drain
Circle the wagons
Clam up
Clean (one's) clock
Clear sailing
Clapping seals
Cleanliness is next to godliness
Click
(When something) Clicks
Clicky, clicky
Cliffhanger
Clock(ed)
Close call
Close, but no cigar
Cloud nine
Clown(s)
(Give someone the) Cold shoulder
Cold turkey
Combo
Come clean
Come out in the wash
Come rain or shine
Come out of (your) shell
Come unglued
Coming out of (your) ears
Coming out of the woodwork
Common denominator
Connect the dots
Cookie cutter
Cool as a cucumber
Cool your jets
Cost an arm and a leg
Couch potato
Cough it up
Couldn't find (one's) way out of a paper bag
Couldn't pour water out of a boot if there was instructions on the heel
Count me out
(A) Country mile
Cover a lot of ground
Cover (your) bases
Cozy up
Crack a windows
Cramp (one's) style
Crank it up
Crap/shit sandwich
Crapshoot
Cream of the crop
Crickets
Crocodile tears
Crop dusting
Cry (someone) a river
(Don't) Cry over spilt/spilled milk
Cry wolf
Crystal clear
(Not my) Cup of tea
Curtains
Cut bait
Cut corners
Cut from the same cloth
Cut it (out)
Cut (someone) some slack
Cut the cheese
Cut the cord
(To) Cut corners
(Can't/Don't) Cut the mustard
Cut your losses
Cut both ways
Cut to the chase
(As) Cute as a button
Dangle a carrot
(In a) Dark alley
Dark horse
Dawn of a new day
Dawn on (someone)
Dead duck
Dead in the water
Dead soldier
Dead weight
Deadhead
Death sentence
Death trap
(A) Deep dive
Deep pockets
Deer in the headlights
Dial it back/down
Diamond in the rough
Diddly-squat
Didn't age well
Die on this hill
(A whole) Different animal
(A) Different ball game
(In a) Different light
Dig deep
Dig in
Dime a dozen
Dive into
Ditto
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
Do (you) a solid
Dodge a bullet
Doesn't grow on trees
(Money) Doesn't grow on trees
Dog days of Summer
Dog-ear
Dog eat dog
Dog pile
Dog them
Dog whistle
Doggy bag
(In the) Doghouse
(All) Dolled up
Don't count your chickens before they hatch
Don't give up your day job
Don't hate the player, hate the game
Don't have a leg to stand on
Don't judge a book by its cover
Don't mind
Don't poke the bear
Don't put all your eggs in one basket
(Don't put the) Cart before the horse
Don't shit where you eat
Dorkus maximus
Dot your i's and cross your t's
Double standard
(Do a) Double take
Double-dipping
(A) Double-edged sword
Down for the count
Down the drain/toilet
(Go) Down the rabbit hole
Down the road
Down to the wire
Down wind
Drag (your) feet
Draw a blank
Draw a line in the sand
Draw the shortest straw
(A) Drive-by
Drop it
Drop like flies
Drop(ped) the ball
Dry run
Dumb dick
Dumpster diving
Dumpster fire
Duped
(A) Dust up
Eager beaver
Eagle eye(s)
(Keep an) Ear to the ground
Earbuddies
Early bird
Earworm
Easier said than done
Easter egg
Easy money
Easy on the eyes
Eat my dust
Eat crow
Egg on your face
Egghead
Elbow grease
(The) Elephant in the room
Elevator doesn't go to the top floor
End game
Enough weight
Every cloud has a silver lining
Every pot has a lid
Everyone and their grandma
(When) Everything clicks (into place)
Everything but the kitchen sink
Evil eye
Eye candy
Eye of the beholder
Eye of the storm
Fair-weather friend
Fall by the wayside
Fall into (your) lap
Fall off the turnip truck
Fall off the wagon
Fall on deaf ears
Fall on your sword
Fall through the cracks
Falling into a trap
Fart in a windstorm
Fast track
(A) Field day
Fight fires
Fight tooth and nail
Fill (someone's) shoes
(The) Fine print
(Get) Fired
Firing on all cylinders
Fish for (something)
(A) Fish out of water
Fishtailing
(Be) Fishy
Fit as a fiddle
(To) Fit like a glove
Fixed their wagon
Flash in the pan
Flat-footed
(The) Flip side (of something)
Float an idea
Floats your boat
Fly in the ointment
Fly off the handle
(Be a) Fly on the wall
(With) Flying colors
Fold(ed)
Follow to the letter
Food chain
(Put) Foot in (your) mouth
(Get a) Foot in the door
For Pete's sake
For the birds
For the long haul
For the record
Fork in the road
Frankly speaking (to be frank)
(As) Free as a bird
Free lunch
Friend with benefits
(Straight) From the horse's mouth
F*ck buddy
Full of shit
Funny business
Gain traction
Game changer
Game the system
Gang up on
Gaslight(ing)
Get a room
Get back on the horse
Get canned
Get (your) ducks in a row
Get (your) feet wet
Get hairly
Get (your) hands dirty
Get (one's) hopes up
Get it out of your system
Get off my back/case
Get (something) off my chest
Get/start off on the wrong foot
Get off the ground
Get the ax(e)
Get the ball rolling
Get the boot
Get the hell out of Dodge
Get the memo
Get the picture
Get the short end of the stick
Get this show on the road
Get to first base
Get to the bottom of (something)
Get under (your) skin
Get your act together
Getting a taste of your own medicine
Ghost in the shell
Ghost town
Gig
Give (someone) a blank stare
Give it a shot
Give it a whirl
Give me a break
Give me (some) skin
Give me the keys
Give (someone) the benefit of the doubt
Give the green light
Give (someone) the stink eye
Glass ceiling
(The) Glass is half full/empty
Glued to
Go against the grain
Go big or go home
Go broke
Go commando
Go down in flames
Go hog wild
Go nuclear
Go postal
Go south
Go the extra mile
Go the way of the dodo (bird)
Go to bat (for someone)
Go to hell in a handbasket
Go/ing to the well (too often)
Go up in smoke
Go with the flow
Gold digger
Golden boy/girl
Gold plate(d)
Golden goose
Good bones
Goofy (footed)
Goose egg
Grand
Grandstanding
Grapevine
Grasping at straws
Grassroots
Gravy
Grease monkey
Grease the skids
(It's all) Greek to me
Green thumb
Greener pastures
(Be a) Greenhorn
(The) Grind
Grow a pair
Grow on (someone)
Growing pains
Grumpy pants
Guilt trip
(A) Guinea pig
Gun it
Gun shy
Guys
Gut feeling
Hair on fire
Hair-trigger
Half-baked
(Get) Hammered
(The) Hamster has died but the wheel is still going
Ham-handed
Ham it up
Hand in hand
Hand in glove
Hand over fist
Handful
Handle with kid gloves
(One's) hands are tied
Hang in there
Hang it up
Hang (one) out to dry
Hanging by a thread
(As) Happy as a clam
Happy accident
Happy camper
Hard and fast
(Cold,) Hard cash
Has a hollow leg
(S/he) Hasn't seen the football since kickoff
Hauling balls
Have a ball
Have a bee in your bonnet
Have a Dog in the fight
Have a good head on (your) shoulders
Have a screw loose
Have an ace up the sleeve
Have clean hands
Have your work cut out
Head for the hills
Head in the sand
Head over heels/feet
Heads up!
Healthy as a horse
Heartbreaking
Heat(ed)
(A) Heavy hand
Helicopter parent(ing)
Hidden gem
High and dry
(As) High as a kite
(Get off your) High horse
Hit (something) out of the (ball)park
Hit the bricks
Hit the gas
Hit the ground running
Hit the sack/hay
Hit the nail on the head
Hit the road
Hit your stride
Hit-or-miss
Hobby horse
Hogwash
Hold (your) breath
Hold (something) close to (one's/the) vest
Hold feet to the fire
Hold (one's) hand
Hold on to your hat
Hold the line
(Doesn't) Hold water
Hold your horses
Hold your tongue
(In a) Holding pattern
Holy cow
Homegrown
Homework
Homerun
Hoof it
Hook up
Hook, line, and sinker
(The) Horse is out of the barn
Horse of a different color
Horse trading
Horseplay
(A) House of cards
Hot potato
(Do some) Housekeeping
Humor me
(Eat) Humble pie
(Well,) I'll be a monkey's uncle
I'm rubber, you're glue
I'm (a little) rusty
Icing on the cake
If I had a nickel for every time that happened (, I would be rich)
In a nutshell
In a bubble
In a (pretty) pickle
In a pinch
In cement
In concert
In deep water
In hand
In my humble opinion (IMHO)
In one ear and out the other
In the bag
In the ballpark
In the black
In the blink of an eye
In the cards
In the closet
In the crosshairs
In the dark
In the flesh
In the hot seat
In the long run
(Keep) In the loop
In the nick of time
In the pipeline
In the red
In the same boat
(Deep) In the weeds
In (your) wheelhouse
In your backyard
Inch up
Indian giver
Inside baseball
Inside job
Inside track
Into the wind
Iron out (the wrinkles)
(Too many) Irons in the fire
It takes two halves of scissors to cut
It takes two to tango
It's on me
Jerry-rig
Jog your memory
Joker(s)
Josh (around/something/you)
Juggling act
(From the) Jump
Jump/throw in the deep end
(Go) Jump in a/the lake
Jump on the bandwagon
Jump out
Jump ship
Jump the gun
Jump the shark
Jump to conclusions
Jump through hoops
(A) Karen
Keep an eye on (the ball)
Keep an eye out
Keep (your) eyes peeled
Keep (your) fingers crossed
Keep (your) nose to the grindstone
Kick around
Kick the bucket
Kick the can down the road
Kick the tires
Kick to the curb
Kicks
Kill two birds with one stone
Kiss ass/up
Kiss (one's) ass
Kitty-corner
Knee-deep in (shit)
Knee-high to a grasshopper
Knock it off
Knock on wood
Knock out
Knock(ed) out of the park
Knock (someone) over with a feather
Knock yourself out
Know (something) like the back/palm of your hand
Know the animal
Knuckle dragger
Knuckle sandwich
Knucklehead
Lame duck
Land it
Land on your feet
Laser focus(ed)
Last resort
Last straw
Lather, rinse, (and) repeat
Laugh all the way to the bank
Laundry list
Lay the groundwork (for something)
Leadfoot
(Steep) Learning curve
Leave hanging
Leave it at the door
Leave it (all) on the field
(To) Leave no stone unturned
Leave the door open
Left-handed compliment
Left field
Legwork
Lend an ear (to someone)
Let it bake
Let it go
Let (your) guard down
Let it slide
Let sleeping dogs lie
Let the air out of (something)
Let the cat out of the bag
Let the chips fall where they may
Let the dust settle
Let the genie out of (or put the genie back in) the bottle
Let your hair down
Level the (playing) field
Level up
Lick your wounds
Light bulb
Lighten up
(The) Lights are on, but nobody's home
Lights out
Like a chicken with its head cut off
Like a (hot) knife through butter
Like clockwork
Like night and day
Like (two) peas in a pod
Like riding a bike
Like shooting fish in a barrel
Like watching grass grow
Like watching paint dry
(In the) Limelight
(The) Lion's share
Lip service
(A) Little bird told me
(The) Little things
Live and learn
Live high on the hog
Living large
Locked and loaded
Loaded question
Long in the tooth
Long shot
(Don't) Look a gift horse in the mouth
Look before you leap
Look down on
Look (yourself) in the mirror
Look someone in the eye(s)
Look up to
Looking to your laurels
Look up on
Look what the cat dragged in
Loose cannon
Loose end(s)
Lose ground
Lose your marbles
Lose your shirt
Lost like a puppy
Lost your marbles
Loudmouth
(Setting a ) Low bar
Low hanging fruit
Low man on the totem pole
(As) Mad as a hornet
(To) Make a dent in
(To) Make a long story short
Make a mountain out of a molehill
Make hay
Make or break
Make the cut
Make the grade
Make waves
Match made in heaven
Man down
Measure twice, cut once
(Have a) Meltdown
Middle ground
Middle of the road
Mickey Mouse
Might as well
Milk dry
Milk the system
Million-dollar question
(Get your) Mind out of the gutter
Mind your own business
Miss(ed) the boat
Mission scrubbed
MO
(A) Monday morning quarterback(ing)
Money to burn
Monkey around
Monkey business
(A) Monkey on/off your back
Monkey see, monkey do
Monkey wrench
Monkeys might fly out of my ass
More fun than a barrel of monkeys
More than meets the eye
Mouthpiece
Mouthful of marbles
Move mountains
(Have) Move(d) on
Move the goalposts
Move the needle
Moving target
Moving the goalposts
Mull over
Muscle memory
My two cents
My way or the highway
(The) Nail in the coffin
Nail it
(A) Nail-biter
Nails on a chalkboard
Nancy
(The) narrative
Nature calls
(The) Nature of the beast
Neck and neck
(Your) Neck of the woods
(Like finding a) Needle in the haystack
Negative Nelly
Neither here nor there
Nervous Nellie
Netflix and chill
Nip it in the bud
Night owl
(The) Nitty-gritty
No man's land
No pain, no gain
Noodle
No picnic
No problem
No smoke
No strings attached
No sweat
No-brainer
(Use your) Noggin
Not buy (something)
Not going to lose sleep over...
Not have two brain cells to rub together
Not in my book
Not playing with a full deck
Not the brightest crayon in the box
Not the sharpest knife in the drawer
Not the sharpest tool in the shed
Not touch with a ten-foot pole
Nothing to sneeze at
Nothing to write home about
Nothing ventured, nothing gained
Nuclear option
Nuke it
OG
Odd duck
Oddball
Off base
Off the beaten path
Off/On the books
Off the cuff
Off the deep end
Off the grid
(Let someone) Off the hook
Off the reservation
Off the table
(Right) Off the top of my head
Off to the races
Off your rocker
Old school
On a different planet
On a dime
On a lark
(Out) On a limb
On a roll
On a soapbox
On a shoestring (budget)
On board
On cloud nine
On fire
On hand
On (your) nerves
On paper
On pins and needles
On the sideline(s)
On target
(Put) On the back burner
On the ball
On the board
On the chopping block
On the fence
On the front burner
On the lam
On the line
On the nose
On the other hand
On the pot
On the radar
On the ropes
On the table
On the tip of the tongue
On the up-and-up
(Skating) On thin ice
On your soapbox
Once-over
Once in a blue moon
One for the books
(A) One trick pony
One-Horse race
(A) One-way street
Only as strong as the weakest link
Only rowing with one oar
Open it up
Open the floodgates
(The) Other side of the coin
Out in the cold
(Get) Out of hand
Out of line/order
Out of sight, out of mind
Out of step
Out of the blue
(Right) Out of the box
Out of the frying pan into the fire
Out of the gate
Out of the woods
Out on a limb
Out the window
Out to lunch
(Think) Outside of the box
Over (your) head
(Out) Over (one's) skis
Over the hill
Over the moon
Over the top
Own it
Pan out
Paint(s) a picture
Paint yourself into a corner
Paint (something) with a broad brush
(Don't get your ) Panties in a bunch
Paper tiger
Paperweight
Par for the course
Park it
Parrot(ing)
Pass the baton
Pave the way
Pawn
Pawn off
Pay the piper
Pea brain
Peanuts
(Put the) Pedal to the metal
Pee like a racehorse
Peel(ing back) the onion
Peeping Tom
Pencil out
(A) Penny for your thoughts
Pepper(ed) (with) (something)
Penny pincher
Pepper(ing)
(A) Perfect storm
Pet name
Pet peeve
Peter out
Photo finish
Pick of the litter
Pick your battles
Pie in the sky
Piece of cake
Piece of shit
Piece of the pie
Pig out
Piggyback
Pigskin
Pile of crap
Pillow talk
Pimp(ed) out
Pipe dream
Pissed
Pit stop
(As) Plain as day
Plain Jane
Play cards close to chest
Play(ing) for both teams
Play hardball (with someone)
Play it by ear
Play(ing) possum
Play with fire
Playbook
Pleased as punch
Plenty of fish in the sea
Poetic justice
Point the finger at (one)
Poker face
Polish off
Pony up
Poop or get off the pot
(Go) Pound sand
Pour gasoline on the fire
Practice makes perfect
Practice what you preach
(A) Pretty penny
Price(d) in
(The) Proof is in the pudding
Pull strings
Pull the plug
Pull the wool over eyes
Pull back the curtain
Pull someone's leg
Pull out all the stops
Pull out of a hat
Pull out of thin air
Pull the rug out (from under something)
Pull the trigger
Pull/yank someone's chain
Pull yourself together
Pump (some) iron
Pump the brakes
Punch down
Punt
Puppet show
Puppy love
Push (your) buttons
Push the envelope
Put a bug in (one's) ear
Put a finger on it
Put a pin in it
Put a sock in it
Put (someone) in a box
Put on ice
Put (something) on the map
Put out to pasture
Put some mustard on it
Put through the wringer
Put to bed
Put your money where your mouth is
(Make) Quick work (of something)
Quitting cold turkey
Railroad(ed)
(Take a) Rain check
(It's) Raining cats and dogs
(A) Rainy day
Raise the bar
Rat race
Rattle (one's) cage
(A) Ray of sunshine
Read between the lines
Read the room
Recharge your batteries
Red flag
Red herring
Red-headed stepchild
Red line
Red tape
(Take a/the) Redeye
Reinvent the wheel
Rickroll
Ride (off) into the sunset
Ride shotgun
Right up your alley
Ring a bell
Rip off the Band-Aid
Ripped (one) a new one
Risk it for the biscuit
Roach coach
Road Hog
(Run into a) Roadblock
Rock solid
(Don't) Rock the boat
(It's not) Rocket science
Roll the dice
Roll up your sleeves
Roll with the punches
Roller coaster
Rolling in dough
Rome wasn't built in a day
Rough it
Row one's own boat
(A)Round the Clock
Rub it in
Rub off
Rub the wrong way
Rub salt into the wound
(Where the) Rubber meets the road
Rubberneck
Rubber stamp
Rug rat
Ruh roh (Scooby-Doo)
Rule of thumb
Run away with (something)
Run of the mill
Run (around) in circles
Running on fumes
Run out of gas
Run(ning) out the clock
(My) Rushmore
Sad sack
Sail close to the wind
(On the) Same page
(On the) Same wavelength
Sandbag
Save (your) bacon
Save for a rainy day
Saved by the bell
(Get) Schooled
Scope creep
Score
Scrape the barrel
Scratch (that)
Scratch the surface
Scratch your back
Screw the pooch
Screw(ed) up
Scrub down (like a crime scene)
(Play) Second fiddle
Second hand
Second wind
Seconds
See eye to eye
See in a new light
See it coming a mile away
Seeing color for the first time
Sell (one) down the river
Sell it
Sell like hotcakes
Set in stone
Seventh heaven
Shake in boots
Shape up or ship out
(As) Sharp as a tack
Shed light on something
(No shit) Sherlock
Shift gears
Shine
Shine through
Ships that pass in the night
Shirt off my back
(When the) Shit hits the fan
Shitshow
Shit kickers
(The) Shoe is on the other foot
Shoot
Shoot down
Shoot for the moon
Shoot the breeze
Shoot yourself in the foot
Short leash
Shot across the bow
Shouting match
Shove off
Show (one) the door
Show (one) the receipts
Show (one) the ropes
Show your hand
Shut down
Shut the front door
Shut your pie hole
Siberia
Sick and tired
Sick as a dog
Side piece
(Get) Sidetracked
(A) Sight for sore eyes
Silver bullet
Silver lining
(On a) Silver platter
Silver spoon
Simmer down
Sing a different tune
Sink in
Sink or swim
Sit on (one's) hands
Sit(ting) on the fence
Sitting duck
Skating rink
Skin in the game
Skyrocket
Slap on the wrist
Slay the dragon
Sleep like a log
Sleep on it
Sleep tight
Sleeper
Sleight of hand
Slip away
(To) Slip your mind
Slip through the cracks
Slippery slope
Sloppy seconds
Slowpoke
Small fry/fries
Small peanuts
Small potatoes
Smoke and mirrors
Smooth sailing
Smoke show
Smoking gun
(At a) Snail's pace
Snake eyes
Snake in the grass
Snowballed
Snowflake
Snug as a bug in a rug
Soccer mom
Social butterfly
Soft spot
Soft-pedal (something)
Softball question
(As) solid as a rock
(A) Sore loser
Sour grapes
Southpaw
Space out
Spanked
Speak of the devil
Spell it out
Spill (the beans)
Spill the tea
Spin a yarn
Spin (your) wheels
Spit it out
Spitball
Split(ting) hairs
Spoon (someone)
Spoon feed/fed
Spot on
Spread your wings
Spring chicken
Square with
Squared away
Squeaky clean
Squeeze in
Squeaky wheel gets the grease
Squirrel away
Squirrel (out of)
Squirreled
Stab someone in the back
Stand still
(When the) Stars align(ed)
Start in on
Start off on the right foot
Starvin' Marvin
Stay in your lane
Steal (your) thunder
Steamrolled
Step on a rake
Step on (one's) toes
Step up (your) game
Step up to the plate
Stepping into (something)
Stick a fork in it
(A) Stick in the mud
Stick to (your) guns
Stick up (your) ass
Stick your nose into something
Stir the pot
(A) Stone's throw away
Stonewall
Stop on a dime
Straight as an arrow
Straight from the horse's mouth
Straight shooter
(The) Straw that broke the camel's back
Strike while the iron is hot
Stroke your ego
(On the) Struggle bus
(As) Stubborn as a mule
Stuck in time
Suck it up (buttercup)
Suck ass
Suck up (to someone)
(It/That) Sucks
Sugar daddy
Sugarcoated
Sundowning
Sunset(ing)
Sweating bullets
Sweep (something) under the rug
Sweet spot
Sweet tooth
Swimming upstream
Switch gears
Switch-hitter
Table (something)
(To) Tackle
Tailgating
Take a/the bullet (for someone)
Take a hike
Take a page out of (your/the) book
Take a stab (at something)
Take (someone or something) at face value
Take away
Take (something) for a spin
Take it easy
Take it to the grave
Take off
Take on water
Take one for the team
Take the bull by the horns
Take the cake
Take the high road
Take the low road
Take the wheel
Take to the cleaners
Take it with a grain of salt
(You can) Take that to the bank
Talk in circles
Talk to the hand (because the face doesn't understand)
Tall order
Tap out
Tell(s)
Tell me about it
Test the water(s)
Textbook case/example
That dog won't hunt
That guy
That ship has sailed
That train has left the station
That/It's a dinosaur
That's how the cookie crumbles
The apple doesn't fall far from the tree
The ball is in your court
The best thing since sliced bread
The brass
The big picture
The cat is out of the bag
The devil is in the detail(s)
The early bird catches/gets the worm
The floor
The fold
The grass is always greener (on the other side)
The grass roots
(Get on) The horn
The night is still young
The pot calling the kettle black
(Learn) The ropes
(That's/There's) The rub
The sixty-four-dollar question
The sky's the limit
The wheels come off
The whole nine yards
The whole shebang
The world is your oyster
There are other fish in the sea
There's a new sheriff in town
There's more than one way to skin a cat
Thick skin
Think on your feet
(The) Third degree
This isn't my first rodeo
(A) Thorn in my side
Thread the needle
Throttle down
Through thick and thin
Throw caution to the wind
Throw (one) to the wolves
Throw the book at (someone)
Throw (someone) a bone
Throw (your) hat in the ring
Throw in face
Throw in the towel
Throw the baby out with the bath water
Throw (someone) under the bus
Tides change
Tight ship
Tighten your belt
Timbuktu
Time flys (when you're having fun)
Time on your hands
Time sink
Time suck
Tinfoil hat
(A) Tip of the hat
Tip of the iceberg
Tipping point
Tires popped but the wheels still spinning
(Go) To hell in a handbasket
To taste
To veg out
Toe the line
Toe-to-toe
(With) tongue in cheek
Too many cooks spoil the broth
Toot (your) own horn
Top brass
Top dog
Top it (all) off
Top notch
Top of mind
(The) Top of the line
(From) Top to bottom
Top-shelf
Tops
(Go) Touch (some) grass
Touchdown
(A) Tough nut to crack
(A) Tough cookie
Track record
Train wreck
Trophy wife
(A) Trojan horse
Troll(ing)
Truck it
True colors
Trump card
Tuck in
Tunnel vision
Turn a blind eye
Turn into a pumpkin
Turn off
Turn over a new leaf
Turn the page
Turn the tables (on someone)
Twinkle toes
Two sides of the same coin
Ugly mug
Under pressure
Under the gun
Under your belt
Under (your) skin
(Look) Under the hood
(Fly) Under the radar
Under the sun
Under the table
Under (one's) thumb
Under the weather
Under the wire
Under your breath
Under water
Underdog
Underwater basket weaving
Until the cows come home
Up in arms
Up in the air
Up (a/shit) creek without a paddle
Up the ante
Up to par
Up your eyeballs (in something)
Up your sleeve
(An) Uphill battle
Upside down
(The) Upshot (of something)
Use your head for something other than a hatrack
Viral
Virtue signalling
Waffling
Wait(ing) for the other shoe to drop
Wake-up call
Walk a fine line
Walk back
(A) Walk in the park
Walking on thin ice
Wall wart(s)
(The) Walls have ears
(Narrow) Window of opportunity
Walk a mile in someone's shoes
Walk away
Walk it off
Walk on eggshells
Walk right into
Walk the plank
Walk the talk
Waste time
Watch(ing) like a hawk
Watch your six
Water down
Water under the bridge
Watering hole
Weather the storm
We'll cross that bridge when we come to it
Wet (one's) beak
(A) Wet blanket
Wet your whistle
What a zoo
What's the damage?
What's your beef?
What gives?
When pigs fly
Where there's a will, there's a way
Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
Which way the wind is blowing
Whipping boy
Whistle past the graveyard
(A) White lie
White on rice
White-bread
White-knuckle
Whitewash
Whole ball of wax
(Be) Wide open
(A) Wild goose chase
(The wild) Wild west
Win-win
Wind down
Window of opportunity
With (one's) tail between (one's) legs
(The) Whole shebang
Wiggle room
Wing it
Wingman
Wishy-washy
With a fine-tooth comb
Wolf down
Woke up on the wrong side of the bed
(A) Wolf in sheep's clothing
Word salad
Work spouse
Working like a dog
Worth your salt
Would give the shirt off my back
Wrap your head around it
(Don't get) Wrapped around the axle
(Like a) wrecking ball
(The hand)writing on the wall
Written in stone
Yank (your) chain
Yard sale
Yes-man
(Like a) Yo-yo
You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink
You can say that again
You can't teach an old dog new tricks
You're screwed
You're a numbskull
You've made your bed, now lie in it
You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours
Your guess is as good as mine
Yum, yum
Zero-sum game
Zip your lips
Zipper in (line) - kemiko's own...merging two lines
Once found you must take a photograph or preferably a selfie with the item/place!
Find on location or take an item (mine Cheekon) to be photographed with you on your journey.
Buy inexpensive gift shop items ($10-20) that YOU would like to keep.
But these are for friends and family!
Have a White elephant gift exchange type party for friends and family upon returning!
The \pset meta-command (backslash) is used to set various output options for query results.
\pset null '(NULL)'
\pset linestyle unicode
\pset border 2
\pset unicode_border_linestyle single
\pset unicode_header_linestyle single
\pset unicode_column_linestyle single
\pset format wrapped
Other meta-commands (backslash) at end of ~/.psqlrc
\set QUIET false
--\echo `hostname` @ `date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'`
--\echo You are on server `printf "^[[1;33m"``hostname``printf "^[[0m"` on `printf "^[[1;33m"``date '+%Y-%m-%d'``printf "^[[0m"` at `printf "^[[1;33m"``date '+%H:%M:%S'``printf "^[[0m"`
--\echo `printf "\n^[[1mWelcome to PostgreSQL!^[[0m"`
psql [-U userName] [-h hostName] [-p portNumber] [-d databaseName] # varies depending on user, from, and variables set
\c databaseName
Help
\h
\h [SQL commands]
\help
\help [SQL commands]
\?
\? [psql commands]
Quit psql
\q
\quit
ctrl-d
Connection information
\conninfo
Reset/clear query buffer
\r
\reset
Query version, user, database, schema, extensions
\set setConnections 'SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity;'
\set setDatabase 'SELECT current_database( );'
\set setExtensions 'SELECT * from pg_available_extensions ORDER BY name;'
\set setSchema 'SELECT current_schema;'
\set setTablesPostgres 'SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables WHERE schemaname = \'pg_catalog\' OR schemaname = \'information_schema\';'
\set setTablesUser 'SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables WHERE schemaname != \'pg_catalog\' AND schemaname != \'information_schema\';'
\set setUptime 'SELECT pg_postmaster_start_time( );'
\set setUser 'SELECT current_user;'
\set setUserSession 'SELECT session_user;'
\set setVersion 'SELECT version( );'
SELECT pg_postmaster_start_time( ); -- set above as "setUptime"
SELECT version( ); -- set above as "setVersion"
SELECT current_user; -- set above as "setUser"
SELECT session_user; -- set above as "setUserSession"
SELECT current_database( ); -- set above as "setDatabase"
SELECT current_schema; -- set above as "setSchema"
SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions;' -- set above as "setExtensions"
Pager (uses shell's $PAGER variable)
\pset pager
\pset pager on
\pset pager off
"Tab" suggestion/completion
Tab [Tab...] key
Edit query buffer (uses shell's $EDITOR variable)
\e --opens last query in $EDITOR
ctrl-r --up/down arrows to scroll through history and tab for completion of keywords
ctrl-alt-j --readline edit mode (set -o $EDITOR)
Edit a function
\ef functionName
Command history
\s
Execute commands from a file
\ipath/fileName
\includepath/fileName
Send all query results to file or |pipe
\opath/fileName
psql command(s)
\o
Clear screen
esc, ctrl-l
\! clear
Set/list variables
\set
\set ECHO_HIDDEN
\set ECHO_HIDDEN on
\set ECHO_HIDDEN off
\unset ECHO_HIDDEN
\pset
\pset linestyle unicode
\pset border 2
\pset unicode_border_linestyle single
\pset unicode_column_linestyle single
\pset unicode_header_linestyle single
Show (run-time parameters)
SHOW ALL;
SELECT name, setting, short_desc AS description FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings;
SHOWparameterName;
SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings WHERE name = 'parameterName';
SHOW config_file;
SELECT setting AS config_file FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings WHERE name = 'config_file';
SHOW data_directory;
SELECT setting AS data_directory FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings WHERE name = 'data_directory';
SHOW search_path;
SELECT setting AS search_path FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings WHERE name = 'search_path';
Set/Reset (a run-time parameters)
SETnameTOvalue;
SET search_path TOschemaName1, [schemaName2]...;
SET search_path TO"$user", public, schemaEtc;
RESETparameterName; --SET configuration_parameter TO DEFAULT;
RESET search_path;
SET schema 'schema';
List databases
\l
\l+
SELECT datname FROM pg_database;
List schemas (namespaces)
\dn
SELECT schema_name, schema_owner FROM information_schema.schemata;
SELECT * from pg_catalog.pg_namespace;
SELECT current_schema;
\dn+
SELECT
n.nspname AS "Name",
pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(n.nspowner) AS "Owner",
pg_catalog.array_to_string(n.nspacl, E'\n') AS "Access privileges",
pg_catalog.obj_description(n.oid, 'pg_namespace') AS "Description"
FROM
pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
WHERE
n.nspname !~ '^pg_'
AND
n.nspname <> 'information_schema'
ORDER BY 1
;
SELECT
table_catalog,
table_schema,
table_name,
table_type
FROM
information_schema.tables
WHERE
table_schema NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')
;
List tables
\d
\dtable
\dt
\dttable
\dt+
\d+table
SELECT
*
FROM
pg_catalog.pg_tables
WHERE
schemaname = 'pg_catalog'
OR
schemaname = 'information_schema'
;
SELECT
*
FROM
pg_catalog.pg_tables
WHERE
schemaname != 'pg_catalog'
AND
schemaname != 'information_schema'
;
\dt *
\dtschemaName.*
\dt *.*
List views
\dv
\dv+
\dv *.*
\dv information_schema.role_*
List indexes
\di
\di+
List/describe objects (table, view, sequence, or index) definition
\d schemaName.<tab><tab>
\dtvs * --tables/views/sequences
\dtvs schemaName.* --tables/views/sequences
\d schemaName.*
SELECT
table_name,
column_name,
data_type
FROM
information_schema.columns
WHERE
table_name = 'tableName'
;
List/describe Extensions
\dx
SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions;
List roles (users)
\du
\du+
SELECT * FROM pg_user;
SELECT CURRENT_USER;
SELECT
table_catalog
, table_schema
, table_name
, privilege_type
FROM
information_schema.table_privileges
WHERE
grantee = 'userName'
;
SELECT
*
FROM
information_schema.role_table_grants
WHERE
table_schema NOT IN( 'information_schema', 'pg_catalog', 'public' )
;
SELECT
*
FROM
information_schema.role_table_grants
WHERE
grantee = 'userName'
;
SELECT
*
FROM
information_schema.role_table_grants
WHERE
table_name = 'tableName'
;
SELECT relname , relacl
FROM pg_class
WHERE relkind = 'S'
AND relacl is not null
AND relnamespace IN
( SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname NOT LIKE 'pg_%' AND nspname != 'information_schema'
);
List/describe object (table, view, sequence, or index) access privileges
\dp object
\z object
SQL comments
-- one line comment
/* multi line comment(s) */
Create database
CREATE DATABASEdatabaseName;
Create table (from scratch)
CREATE TABLE tableName
( id serial not null primary key, dtCreated timestamp not null, dtUpdated timestamp, data jsonb
);
Create table (from another table)
CREATE TABLE tableNewAS SELECT * FROM tableExisting;
Grants
\dv *.*
\dv+ *.*
\dv+ information_schema.role*
SELECT * FROM information_schema.role_usage_grants;
SELECT * from information_schema.role_table_grants;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA schema TO userName;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON tableName TO userName;
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON SEQUENCE tableName_fieldName_seq TO userName;
Select
SELECT column(s)FROM tableName;
SELECT column(s)FROM tableName WHERE condition(s);
SELECT column(s)FROM tableName WHERE condition(s) LIMIT integer OFFSET integer;
SELECT column(s)FROM tableName WHERE condition(s) ORDER BY column NULLS FIRST;
SELECT c.relname FROM pg_class c WHERE c.relkind = 'S';
SELECT * FROM tableName_fieldName_seq;
Repeat query...and more
\g
\g filename
\g | command
\watch seconds
Toggle (on/off) timing
\timing
\timing on
\timing off
Toggle (on/off) expanded display
\x
\x on
\x off
Toggle (on/off) tuples only
\t
\t on
\t off
Toggle (on/off) footer
\pset footer
\pset footer on
\pset footer off
Insert record(s)
INSERT INTO tableName( dtCreated, data ) VALUES ( now( ), '{}');
Insert/Copy a complete table's data NOT structure with insert/select
INSERT INTO tableTarget SELECT * FROMtableSource;
Insert record(s) from another table with insert/select
Export table to a file (tab delimited and no header)
\COPY (select * from pg_catalog.pg_roles) TO '/tmp/roles.out'
Export table to a file (header, CSV format, and ';' delimited)
\COPY (select * from pg_catalog.pg_roles) TO '/tmp/roles.csv' (header, format csv, delimiter ';')
Export select to file (CSV with headers)
\COPY (select * from pg_catalog.pg_roles) TO '/tmp/roles.csv' CSV header
Import table from CSV file
\COPYtableNameFROM 'path/fileName.csv' WITH( FORMAT CSV );
Alter sequence
ALTER SEQUENCEtableName_fieldName_seqRESTART WITH1;
Truncate table
TRUNCATEtableName;
TRUNCATEtableNameRESTART IDENTITY;
Drop table
DROP TABLEtableName;
Active connections query
SELECT
pid,
datname,
usename,
application_name,
client_hostname,
client_port,
backend_start,
query_start,
query,
state
FROM
pg_stat_activity
WHERE
state = 'active'
;
shell> vi/tmp/psql.sql # edit and save...remember "--" is your friend for many queries
2nd terminal
shell> vi/tmp/psql.out # use ":e" to refresh buffer
3rd terminal
psql> \i /tmp/psql.sql \o /tmp/psql.out --run, then rerun after SQL has been saved
selects, views, etc
--shows base table information
SELECT
*
FROM
pg_catalog.pg_tables
--WHERE
-- tableowner = current_user
--WHERE
-- schemaname NOT IN ('public','pg_catalog','information_schema')
--WHERE
-- schemaname IN ('public','pg_catalog','information_schema')
--ORDER BY
-- schemaname DESC, tablename
;
┌────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬──────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐
│ schemaname │ tablename │ tableowner │ tablespace │ hasindexes │ hasrules │ hastriggers │ rowsecurity │
├────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤
│ ... │ ... │ ... │ (NULL) │ t │ f │ f │ f │
│ public │ exampleTable │ dba │ (NULL) │ t │ f │ f │ f │
│ pg_catalog │ pg_aggregate │ postgres │ (NULL) │ t │ f │ f │ f │
│ ... │ ... │ ... │ (NULL) │ t │ f │ f │ f │
│ information_schema │ sql_features │ postgres │ (NULL) │ f │ f │ f │ f │
│ ... │ ... │ ... │ (NULL) │ t │ f │ f │ f │
└────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴──────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘
(999 rows)
--shows "table catalog" and "table type", but not "table owner" compared to previous query
SELECT
*
FROM
information_schema.tables
--WHERE
-- table_schema = 'public'
--WHERE
-- table_schema NOT IN ('public','pg_catalog','information_schema')
--WHERE
-- table_schema IN ('public','pg_catalog','information_schema')
ORDER BY
table_schema DESC, table_name
;
┌────────────────┬────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────┬────────────┬──────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────┬────────────────────────┬────────────────────┬──────────┬───────────────┐
│ table_catalog │ table_schema │ table_name │ table_type │ self_referencing_column_name │ reference_generation │ user_defined_type_catalog │ user_defined_type_schema │ user_defined_type_name │ is_insertable_into │ is_typed │ commit_action │
├────────────────┼────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼───────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────┼───────────────┤
│ exampleCatalog │ public │ exampleTable │ BASE TABLE │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ YES │ NO │ (NULL) │
│ ... │ ... │ ... │ BASE TABLE │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ YES │ NO │ (NULL) │
│ ... │ pg_catalog │ pg_aggregate │ BASE TABLE │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ YES │ NO │ (NULL) │
│ ... │ information_schema │ administrable_role_authorizations │ VIEW │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ NO │ NO │ (NULL) │
│ ... │ ... │ ... │ BASE TABLE │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ (NULL) │ YES │ NO │ (NULL) │
└────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────┴──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────┴──────────┴───────────────┘
(999 rows)
CREATE VIEW tables AS
SELECT
table_catalog,
table_schema,
table_name,
table_type
FROM
information_schema.tables
WHERE
table_schema NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')
;
CREATE VIEW objects AS
SELECT
nsp.nspname AS SchemaName
,cls.relname AS ObjectName
,rol.rolname AS ObjectOwner
,CASE cls.relkind
WHEN 'r' THEN 'TABLE'
WHEN 'm' THEN 'MATERIALIZED_VIEW'
WHEN 'i' THEN 'INDEX'
WHEN 'S' THEN 'SEQUENCE'
WHEN 'v' THEN 'VIEW'
WHEN 'c' THEN 'TYPE'
ELSE cls.relkind::text
END AS ObjectType
FROM
pg_class cls
JOIN pg_roles rol
ON rol.oid = cls.relowner
JOIN pg_namespace nsp
ON nsp.oid = cls.relnamespace
WHERE nsp.nspname NOT IN ('information_schema', 'pg_catalog')
AND nsp.nspname NOT LIKE 'pg_toast%'
ORDER BY nsp.nspname, cls.relname
;
--shows non system objects owned by current user
SELECT
nsp.nspname AS object_schema,
cls.relname AS object_name,
CASE cls.relkind
WHEN 'r' THEN 'table'
WHEN 'm' THEN 'materialized view'
WHEN 'i' THEN 'index'
WHEN 'S' THEN 'sequence'
WHEN 'v' THEN 'view'
WHEN 'c' THEN 'type'
ELSE cls.relkind::text
END AS object_type,
rol.rolname AS object_owner
FROM
pg_class cls
JOIN pg_roles rol ON rol.oid = cls.relowner
JOIN pg_namespace nsp ON nsp.oid = cls.relnamespace
WHERE nsp.nspname NOT IN ('information_schema', 'pg_catalog')
AND nsp.nspname NOT LIKE 'pg_toast%'
AND rol.rolname = current_user
ORDER BY
nsp.nspname, cls.relname
;
┌───────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────┬──────────────┐
│ object_schema │ object_name │ object_type │ object_owner │
├───────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┤
│ public │ tables │ view │ postgres │
│ ... │ ... │ ... │ ... │
│ exampleSchema │ example │ table │ dba │
│ exampleSchema │ example_id_seq │ sequence │ dba │
│ exampleSchema │ example_pkey │ index │ dba │
└───────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┘
(XXX rows)
SELECT
r.usename AS grantor,
e.usename AS grantee,
nspname,
privilege_type,
is_grantable
FROM
pg_namespace
JOIN LATERAL (SELECT * FROM aclexplode(nspacl) AS x) a ON
true
JOIN pg_user e ON
a.grantee = e.usesysid
JOIN pg_user r ON
a.grantor = r.usesysid
WHERE
e.usename = current_user
;
┌──────────┬──────────┬────────────────────┬────────────────┬──────────────┐
│ grantor │ grantee │ nspname │ privilege_type │ is_grantable │
├──────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ postgres │ postgres │ pg_catalog │ USAGE │ f │
│ postgres │ postgres │ pg_catalog │ CREATE │ f │
│ postgres │ postgres │ public │ USAGE │ f │
│ postgres │ postgres │ public │ CREATE │ f │
│ postgres │ postgres │ information_schema │ USAGE │ f │
│ postgres │ postgres │ information_schema │ CREATE │ f │
└──────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴────────────────┴──────────────┘
(6 rows)
This is the only smart watch I have owned. I love my Gear or I should say "Gadget"!?! Named after Inspector Gadget.
I named my GFs Apple watch "Penny". Below are just a few things I really like about Gadget.
Quick tip: Best way to make Gadget sleep is to do a quick tap to his face with your palm between your life line and thumb.&nbps; Instant sleepy time.
Hardware
bezel (smooth and easy navigation)
speaker/microphone (great sound)
battery (long life)
screen (sharpness visual and touch)
many sensors
many great bands (third party)
Software
"Sleep" widget
all your downloads are available on your phone...Galaxy Wearable -> Discover -> Top banner -> Sandwich Menu -> MY APPS -> All
tons of awesome free faces
screen shot(s)...they go to Gadget's "Gallery"
transfer one/multiple images from "Gallery" to phone
use your hand (quickly) cover/uncover screen to have Gadget sleep
"Phone" & "Contacts" (messaging)...can send and receive from Gadget
some free apps/games/widgets...time ("Stopwatch", "Timer", "Alarm", "Reminder", etc.), etc.
My personal Office Space. Named "OcciSpace" because of a company I worked for for many years with a similar name.
Funny usernames that were real:
Michael Rice
mrice
(mister ice)
Heather Ott
hott
Phil Hartman
phartman
Chris Rapp
crapp
Mark Robinson
mr.admin
Sean Odom
so.admin
"I am sofa king we todd did"...we put this on our whiteboard and had passing/visting people read it.
Sometimes twice or three times.
They sounded retarded.
We laughed sofa hard!
The accounting manager walked by my fish bowl while I was debugging some code.
I was bored (sleepy) looking for the issue and just kept hitting a lot of "enters".
The manager said he could do that for what I make.
I said the hard part is knowing when to stop.
A short boss left his cup in the bathroom on the paper towel dispenser.
I saw it and thought it was his, but was not sure because the dispenser is pretty high.
I overheard my boss telling a coworker he misplaced his cup.
I then stepped in and told him I knew where it was but didn't think he could reach that high!
He started reaching up to the top of cubicals.
Etc
I was talking to my best friend about a super liberal person we know.
And I made a joke...she is libbing it up.
My best friend thought I said she was living it up.
Being "optional" means not being at work for a bogus reason!
Having meetings about meetings!
I get git!
Ahrendting (a dude, his name, that was always...running errands instead of working)!
Chef and Money!
More and better to come...haven't given much time to this pane!
Share fun times by texting with a friend(s)...
letting them know you are thinking of them.
Don't force...let it happen naturally.
Military time ups the game!
It is really cool to share a time that matches
two categories.
In order of favorites:
11:11, 5:55, etc (all the same digit)
11:31, 12:22, etc (three of a kind)
12:48, 2:46, 3:57, etc (patterns)
10:10, 11:22, 5:33, etc (pairs)
12:34, 1:23, 4:56, etc (serial ascending)
5:43, 4:32 and 3:21 (serial descending)
10:01, 5:05, 12:21, etc (palindromes)
2:11, 5:23, 9:18, etc (sides sum the same)
8:26, 2:11, 11:02, etc (add producing other side)
8:42, 4:22, etc (mulitply producing other side)
2:42, 1:54, etc (subtract producing other side)
12:24, 2:42, 1:44, etc (divide producing other side)
Mongolian grill...my favorite food! I call it a meat salad because I added tons of meat...way more than veggies. Also, over sauce it with garlic, etc.
Meatloaf...look up recipes...they are easy and delicious.
Chili with shedded cheese and diced onions (if lazy just crunch in Nacho Doritos...actually really good...brings crunch...the raw onions also bring crunch).
Toasted/grilled cheese sandwich and condensed tomato soup (if no tomato soup handy...use catchup).
Toast the bread first helping to keep from getting burn marks and the bread doesn't smash down. With Foreman Grill or frying pan melt the cheese in the sandwich.
The toasted bread also helps to soak up the tomato soup into the bread. An even better/quicker way is to toast the bread and then nuke the cheese in the toast.
Taco salad...crunch Doritos in bowl, add hamburger, then kidney beans (the juice soaks into the Doritos and hamburger)
Then add whatever you like...onion, lettuce, tomato, salsa, olives. I actually like to use a bowl with a lid to give it all a good shake to mix it up.
Chicken caesar salad grilled chicken, parmesan cheese (shredded), croutons, lettuce and of course caesar dressing and black olives are also good in it.
Popcorn nuke then add Valentina (hot sauce) to the bag and shake.
Noodles...any, like Knorr favors, Hamburger Helper, etc are great with hot sauce (Tabasco (green pepper sauce) or Valentina). Ground beef, chicken, hot dogs, etc can be added.
Pot roast...sear the roast on all sides...add chopped veggies and condensed veggie soup to crock pot.
Burritos...cubed ham steak, onions and black beans...that is really a great combo alone, but you can add to it in many ways.
Hamburgers...so easy and delicious! So many options.
Hot dogs...so easy and delicious! So many options.
Cold cut sandwich...so many options.
Tuna sandwich...can be hot or cold. Mix up tuna with mayonnaise, diced onion, diced black olive, diced dill pickle. Use toasted bread. Can put lettuce, tomator, and/or thin sliced cheese on top.
Deviled eggs...many ways to make.
Dill salsa...use your favorite salsa...dice up some dill pickle and fresh onions and stir in.
Egg drop soup...easier to make than you think.
Cheesy red potatoes...quarter red potatoes and cook for awhile add cheese and cook a little more.
Basmati rice...tasty stuff...can add a little butter or oil. Of course meat, etc.
BLT (Bacon, Lettuce, and Tomato).
Breakfast egg sandwich/burrito
Nuke in small bowl two eggs at 50% for 3 minutes after stirring in ham, diced onions, diced black olives, red bell peppers, etc.
Stir every minute.
When done either bread or tortilla...adding salsa or ketchup.
Pulled pork or chicken Crockpot first with broth or a condensed soup of your liking. Add the BBQ sauce after done and drained from crockpot.
Hot ham sandwich use 3 or more pieces of lunch meat.
Put favorite cheese on top and raw onion slices.
Then nuke until the cheese is done.
Then put on toasted bread with fresh lettuce.
Gyros...easiest if you buy the gyro meat from a store like Chef's Store, etc.
Add feta cheese and/or tzatziki sauce, lettuce, tomato, red onion, and what ever else you like.
I don't normally have pita bread on hand...so I use tortillas...they work as good.
Pannidos...cheese or pickles wrap in ham and placed into long thin bun...you could use a tortilla or go naked.
Green bean casserole...green beans, cream of mushroom soup, chopped onion, and chopped bacon...French fried onions on top.
Cottage cheese with sliced fresh bananas mixed in (could be any fruit, chives, etc).
Cabbage salad...shredded cabbage with Parmesan cheese on top.
Baked fish...salmon or white with a little butter and spice. Veggies like broccoli, asparagus, etc can be cooked with the fish.
GNU is a collection of free software that can be used as an operating system or in parts with other systems,
originally initiated by Richard Stallman in 1983. It aims to provide users the freedom to run, study, share,
and modify software, and is often associated with the Linux operating system, leading to the term GNU/Linux.
"Debugging with GDB - Summary of GDB" - web.mit.edu/gnu/doc/html/gdb_1.html
...
"Debugging with GDB - Summary of GDB" - web.mit.edu/gnu/doc/html/gdb_25.html
~~~
#] kemiko@box:~ 19:32:56 0 [# cat ~/.gdbinit
# shit can be shortened...like "i b" is really "info breakpoints"...
# which shows all breakpoints, etc
# use tab completion
# type ctrl-alt-j to toggle-editing-mode between Emacs and Vi
# type ctrl-l to clear the screen
# b = set breakpoint at current line
# b [file:]<line> if <variable> <comparison> <value> = breakpoint at a line
# c = continue (executing code)
# clear = delete all breakpoints
# define = user defines...see below
# d = disable (breakpoints)
# disable [integer] = disable all/certain breakpoint(s)
# enable [integer] = enable all/certain breakpoint(s)
# f = frame (show stack frame)
# finish = finish executing current function
# h [command] = help
# i = info
# i b = info breakpoints
# i h = info handle (signals table)
# l [line] = list (code) current/certain line
# n = next (execute one line)
# p [item] = print content of variable, memory location, or register
# q = quit (gdb)
# r = run (program) to breakpoint or end
# return [value] = return from a function without execution
# show [command] = show environment or a certain type/item
# show commands = command history
# show user = user defines
# !! = rerun last command
# !<integer> = rerun certain command in history
# watch <expression/variable> = watch an expression/variable
# set prompt to bold "(gdb) "
set prompt \033[1m(gdb) \033[0m
set height 36
set listsize 36
set pagination 0
# <Tab> for suggestion/completion...even shows user defines
# on|off
set print array
# on|off
set print pretty
set history filename ~/.gdbhist
# on|off
set history save
# on|off
set history expansion
set history size 256
define clr
shell clear
end
define pin
shell printf "\033[%d;%dH" "$arg0" "$arg1"
end
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Unicode/UTF-8
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Unicode is a character set that assigns unique numbers to every character, while UTF-8 is a specific encoding that translates those Unicode numbers into a variable-length format using one to four bytes.
UTF-8 is widely used for web pages and email because it is backward compatible with ASCII and supports all characters defined in Unicode.
The root "tele" traces its origins to the ancient Greek word τῆλε (tēle), meaning "far" or "distant." It first emerged in classical literature, describing geographic distances. With the technological advancements of the 19th and 20th centuries, "Tele" gained new life, becoming a cornerstone in terms such as "telegraph" and "television." These inventions redefined human communication and access to information.
The root "phon" originates from the Greek word phōnē, meaning "voice" or "sound." Ancient Greek philosophers used it to describe both spoken words and musical tones. Over time, phon traveled through Latin and into English, appearing in words related to sound, speech, and communication. Technological advances in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the phonograph, brought new prominence to this root.
33 Thomas Street (also known as the AT&T Long Lines Building) is a 550-foot-tall (170 m) windowless skyscraper in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States.
32 Avenue of the Americas (also known as the AT&T Long Lines Building, AT&T Building, or 32 Sixth Avenue) is a 27-story, 549-foot-tall (167 m) telecommunications building in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City.
11 states with only one area code (2025)
Alaska - 907
Delaware - 302
Hawaii - 808
Maine - 207
Montana - 406
North Dakota - 701
New Hampshire - 603
Rhode Island - 401
South Dakota - 605
Vermont - 802
Wyoming - 307
Personal Central Offices
22310 SW Pine St, Sherwood, OR 97140 (45.358077, -122.842117) GoogleOpenStreetMap
Here are some interesting facts about Neighbors Southwest, a popular neighborhood in southwest Beaverton
Modern, Master-Planned Community
Developed primarily in the late 1990s and early 2000s, most homes date from around 2002, featuring Craftsman and Colonial Revival architecture alongside townhouses and condos.
Streets are thoughtfully laid out: winding roads, cul-de-sacs, and plenty of sidewalks create a safe, quiet, and walkable environment.
High Median Home Price & Impressive Growth
The median sale price is about $674K, a 50% increase year-over-year (as of Feb 2025), reflecting strong appreciation.
Homes typically sell in around 50 days, signaling a somewhat competitive housing market.
Affluent, Well-Educated Community
Residents are often wealthy, highly educated professionals; about 73% hold bachelor's degrees―a rate significantly above national averages.
Median household income is approximately $113K-$120K, placing residents in the top 15% nationally.
Walkable, Scenic Outdoor Spaces
The neighborhood is interwoven with a six-mile Westside Regional Trail, connecting Barrows Park to central Beaverton―great for biking and walking.
Parks like Barrows Park, Murrayhill Park, and Progress Lake Park offer playgrounds, walking trails, fishing, tennis courts, and wetlands.
Vibrant Local Dining & Gatherings
Ava Roasteria is a cozy local café overlooking Progress Quarry Lake and popular for house-roasted coffee and pastries.
Regional favorites include Cafe Murrayhill, The Ridge Woodfired Pizza & Pub, Casa Lola, and Vinotopia, offering brunch, authentic Mexican dishes, wood-fired pizza, and wine-and-movie experiences.
Shopping Nearby
Convenient retail hubs include Progress Ridge Townsquare, Murrayhill Marketplace, and Murray Scholls Town Center, with grocery options like New Seasons and Safeway.
Progress Ridge also features entertainment venues like AMC theaters and a vintage arcade.
Top-Rated Schools
Excellent public schools serve the area―Scholls Heights Elementary and Nancy Ryles Elementary boast around 71% proficiency in math and reading, well above state averages.
Other local schools include Conestoga Middle and Mountainside High, all within the Beaverton School District.
Good Connectivity (With a Car Bias)
While walkability is moderate (Walk Score ~54/100), the area is designed for cars, with easy highway access and free parking.
Public transit is available via TriMet bus routes on Scholls Ferry Road, and the Westside Express Service (WES) commuter rail provides access to Tigard, Tualatin, and Wilsonville.
Cultural Diversity & Unique Demographics
The neighborhood is notably ethnically diverse: about 17% Asian, with significant Iranian (3.3%) and Lebanese (1.9%) populations. Around 2.7% speak Persian at home―far above U.S. averages.
Roughly 19.5% are foreign-born, adding to its multicultural character.
Active & Engaged Community Events
The neighborhood hosts a variety of community events, including movie nights, a Fourth of July parade, and an annual Easter egg hunt.
Residents are represented by the Neighbors Southwest NAC and the Murrayhill Owners' Association, which organize local initiatives.
Summary: Neighbors Southwest is a modern, family-oriented neighborhood―a blend of suburban comfort, green spaces, and connectivity.
With top-notch schools, diverse residents, and community-focused amenities, it's a standout suburb in the Beaverton area.
https://librewolf.net/installation/linux/# LibreWolf flatpak and AppImage
apt install flatpak# Build, install run applications and runtimes
flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo; flatpak install flathub io.gitlab.librewolf-community; flatpak run io.gitlab.librewolf-community# free and open-source fork of Firefox, with an emphasis on privacy and security.
flatpak install flathub org.remmina.Remmina# flatpak run org.remmina.Remmina
flatpak install flathub org.blender.Blender# flatpak run org.blender.Blender
Topics: HTML/CSS/JavaScript, front-end and back-end frameworks, UI/UX design, responsive design.
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Thoughts
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Tough, thorough, thought, through
My interests may not be of interest to you.
It is amazing how much more un/attractive a person can become once their mouth opens.
It is important "how" you ask a question...AI in mind.
Some questions only you can answer.
Use your head, then your hands...and maybe your heart
When walking away always ask yourself what you learned. If nothing, start doing new shit!
Make sure you also think outside your box.
When discovering a fix...replay several times in your head to commit to memory.
Pretend you are a lawyer playing both sides.
Where did your day go?
Reverse your pattern/path, once in a while, for a different perspective.
Ask yourself what variables have changed?
Why do people have two ears, but only one mouth?
Forgiving design...an interesting outcome, but should have been seen.
A hint/clue can change everything.
Mind, Soul, and Body.
Have a large toolbox and know which tool to use for the job.
Always look at details and patterns.
$1,000 club.
What would you name your street?
What would you name your ticker symbol?
Like giving a stealth fighter a vintage airframe.
You get a couple extra tries if you can catch a ball.
How do you use your rearview mirror?
Check frequently — mindful, responsive, aware of others
Check occasionally — semi-aware, reactive
Never use (too fast for others) — speed eclipses empathy
Never use (don’t care about others) — isolation by choice
Never use (don’t understand purpose) — lost in interface
We should start a tradition of the seller leaving an inexpensive, but meaningful house warming gift.
Do you wipe your ass?
You have to get on the train or be left at the station.
Nike's tagline should have been "JUST DO IT, NOW!". Now can save more time than then.
If you have the ears I have the tone.
A narrative can indeed be shaped or "spun" to emphasize certain aspects while downplaying others, allowing individuals or organizations to influence perceptions and opinions.
What is the most valuable item you own? (monetary and/or importance)
What is the oldest item you own?
May your signal-to-noise ratio be a good one.
On a Monday someone says, "next Thursday". What does that mean to you?
When warning work about being absent. Do you "call in", "call out", or "call off"?
What is the one word that gets everyone's attention?
How do you define social class in the United States?
I may not respond, but I always give thought to what you say!
Gadget used to never come with batteries. Now they don't come with a USB A/C adapter.
When a product is great, people talk. When a product isn't great, companies advertise.”
Percentages aren’t equal: down moves faster than up.
If you could redesign/change the digital ecosystem; what would you change?
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Versus
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Put in a f•cking table!
forget
/
remember
...
friend
/
foe
...
versus
/
verses
...
VS
forget vs remember
friend vs foe
versus vs verses
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Generations (computer)
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Generation of Computer
Time Period
Key Technology
Characteristics
First Generation
1940–1956
Vacuum Tubes
Large, power-intensive, slow, machine language
Second Generation
1956–1963
Transistors
Smaller, faster, used assembly language
Third Generation
1964–1971
Integrated Circuits
Compact, introduced keyboards and monitors
Fourth Generation
1971–Present
Microprocessors
Personal computers, GUIs, networking
Fifth Generation
Present & Beyond
AI and Nanotechnology
Self-learning, natural language processing
Sixth Generation
Emerging & Future
Quantum Computing
Qubits, superposition, future potential
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Geographic Navigation
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Decimal Degrees (DD) to Degrees, Minutes, Seconds (DMS)
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) were developed in the early 1990s to address the need for a dedicated styling language for the web. Before CSS, web design was primarily controlled by HTML, which lacked the capability to manage layout and presentation effectively.
Key Contributors
Håkon Wium Lie: Proposed the first CSS specification in 1994 while working at CERN. His goal was to separate content from presentation, allowing for more flexible web design.
Bert Bos: Collaborated with Lie to refine the CSS concept, leading to the development of the first official CSS specification, CSS1, released in 1996.
Purpose and Functionality
CSS was created to enable web designers to control the layout, colors, and fonts of their websites. This separation of content (HTML) and style (CSS) simplified web development and improved the accessibility and maintainability of web pages.
CSS2 (1998): Expanded features for layout and media types.
CSS3 (2011): Introduced modular specifications for advanced styling.
Today, CSS is a cornerstone technology of the web, used alongside HTML and JavaScript to create visually appealing and functional websites.
In a CSS rule, the term "declaration" refers to the property and value pairs that define how an element should be styled. Each declaration consists of a property name followed by a colon and a value, ending with a semicolon.
CSS Rule Components
Selector
The selector identifies which HTML elements the styles will apply to. For example, h1 targets all <h1> elements.
Declaration Block
The declaration block is enclosed in curly braces {} and contains one or more declarations.
Declarations
Each declaration consists of a property and a value, separated by a colon :. For example, color: blue; sets the text color to blue.
Properties and Values
Property: This is the aspect of the element you want to style, such as color, font-size, or margin.
Value: This specifies how the property should be styled, like red, 16px, or auto.
Example of a CSS Rule
css code
h1{color: blue;font-size: 24px;}
In this example:
h1 is the selector.
{ color: blue; font-size: 24px; } is the declaration block containing two declarations.
"color" and "font-size" are properties.
"blue" and "24px" are values.
This structure allows you to define how specific elements on a webpage should be styled.
CSS order of precedence determines which styles are applied to an element when multiple rules conflict. The order is based on specificity, the location of the styles, and the use of the !important rule.
Specificity Hierarchy
The specificity of CSS selectors is calculated based on the types of selectors used. The hierarchy from lowest to highest specificity is as follows:
Selector Type
Example
Specificity Weight
Type Selector
div, p
0-0-1
Class Selector
.class
0-1-0
Attribute Selector
[type="text"]
0-1-0
Pseudo-class Selector
:hover
0-1-0
ID Selector
#id
1-0-0
Inline Style
style="color:red;"
1-0-0
Cascading Order
When selectors have the same specificity, the order in which they appear in the CSS file matters. The last declared style will take precedence. The general order of CSS sources from least to most specific is:
User agent styles (browser defaults)
External CSS files
Internal CSS (within <style> tags in the HTML)
Inline styles (directly on elements)
Importance of !important
The !important rule can override any other styles, regardless of specificity. However, it is best used sparingly, as it can make debugging and maintaining CSS more difficult.
Understanding this order helps in effectively managing styles and resolving conflicts in CSS.
The main difference between display and visibility properties in CSS is that "display: none;" completely removes an element from the document flow, meaning it takes up no space, while "visibility: hidden;" makes an element invisible but still occupies space in the layout. This distinction affects how surrounding elements are rendered on the page.
Parsing & Fault Tolerance: The "Silent Fail" Philosophy
Unlike JavaScript, which is Strict (Fragile), CSS and HTML are designed to be Fault-Tolerant (Robust). This design choice is the reason the web doesn't "crash" when new features are invented or when a developer makes a typo.
1. The Strict vs. Forgiving Comparison
Language
Philosophy
When a mistake happens...
JavaScript
Strict / Fragile
Execution stops. One missing } or a typo can break the entire app. (The "Caltrop" effect)
HTML
Forgiving / Fluid
The browser "guesses" intent. Forgot </div>? It closes it for you. Unknown tags are treated as generic spans.
CSS
Fault-Tolerant
If the browser doesn't recognize a property or selector, it silently discards that line and moves on. (The "Pothole" effect)
2. Forward Compatibility (Chrome 59 vs. 2025)
This allows us to write "Future-Proof" CSS. When a 2017 browser hits a 2025 property, it doesn't crash; it simply ignores the unknown line (property).
.container
{
display: block; /* Supported by all */
display: flex; /* Chrome 59 understands this */
scrollbar-gutter: stable; /* Modern only; Chrome 59 ignores this safely */
}
3. Order of Operations: "Last One Wins"
Browsers parse from top to bottom. The last recognized version of a property defined overwrites the previous ones.
.action-item
{
cursor: hand; /* IE 5.5 - 7 logic */
cursor: pointer; /* Modern Standard - Overwrites 'hand' in modern browsers */
}
In IE6, 'pointer' is unknown and ignored, so 'hand' stays active. In Chrome, 'pointer' is known and replaces 'hand'.
4. Selector Grouping & The "Poison" Rule
While properties fail silently on a per-line basis, grouped selectors are a single unit. If one selector in a list is unknown, the entire block is invalidated.
The "Poison Group" (Avoid This):
/* This fails in ALL browsers because no browser recognizes every prefix */
textarea::placeholder,
textarea::-webkit-input-placeholder,
textarea:-ms-input-placeholder
{
color: red;
}
The "Graffiti" Method (Correct Practice):
/* Separate blocks ensure each browser finds its own and ignores the rest */
textarea::-webkit-input-placeholder { color: red; } /* Chrome/Safari */
textarea:-moz-placeholder { color: red; } /* Firefox 18- */
textarea::-moz-placeholder { color: red; } /* Firefox 19+ */
textarea:-ms-input-placeholder { color: red; } /* IE 10+ */
5. Directives and At-Rules (@supports)
Modern CSS uses Feature Queries to ask the browser if it supports a capability before providing the code.
For experienced developers, "Silent Failures" are maddening because Silence is Hard to Debug.
Invisible Typos: If you write clor: red; instead of color: red;, the browser gives no error. It just ignores it.
The "Ghost" Elements: If you write <tabe> instead of <table>, the browser renders a generic element. Your data shows up, but the layout is destroyed.
7. The Benefit: Architectural Survival
Despite the frustration, this "Silent Fail" is the only reason the web works. If CSS were Strict:
Chrome 59 would hit a property like scrollbar-gutter.
It would throw a Syntax Error.
It would stop parsing panes.css entirely.
The page would load with zero styling.
Instead, because it is fault-tolerant, Chrome 59 simply says "I don't know what that is," throws that one line in the trash, and continues to style the rest of your beautiful pane.
Summary: High fault tolerance prevents web "crashes" but makes debugging harder. A typo like clor: red; provides no console feedback; the browser simply treats it as an unknown property and moves on.
Useful tips
HTML5 does not have a standardized default style sheet like previous versions. Instead, it relies on browsers to apply their own default styles, which can vary, so developers often use CSS resets or custom styles to ensure consistent presentation across different browsers.
Use style="list-style-type: none;" /* then give it some decent style */
Hard coded 
 in html /* works for a newline an element's title attribute (tooltip) */
Adding style="font-size: 0;" to a <div> /* allows no spacing between contained elements... */
In browser debugging watch for a strikethrough of a new rule. This could be caused by a "Hidden Global Rule" that is highly specific and targets ALL children /* search all rules for the property:value with a strikethrough */
getComputedStyle( ) method in JavaScript is used to retrieve the computed CSS properties and values of a specified HTML element after all styles have been applied. It returns a CSSStyleDeclaration object that contains the resolved styles, allowing you to access individual property values.
The generic font families (serif, sans-serif, monospace, cursive, and fantasy) must NOT be quoted in a CSS rule.
Any other font family name (like "Times New Roman", or a custom font) should be quoted if it contains spaces, punctuation, or starts with a number.
The "Keyword Collision" Rule: Unquoted font names are parsed as identifiers. If a font name matches a CSS keyword (e.g., a font named Initial or Inherit), the browser will fail to apply the rule because it mistakes the name for a system command. Quoting these names turns them into strings, protecting them from the parser.
/* Bad: Browser thinks you're trying to reset the property */ font-family: Initial, sans-serif;
/* Good: Browser knows "Initial" is the name of a font file */ font-family: "Initial", sans-serif;
For diagrams, it's best to use sans-serif fonts as they are cleaner and easier to read. Popular choices include Arial, Helvetica, and Roboto, which help ensure clarity in visual presentations.
Blank horizontal bar (verical spacer)
/* works */ <p style="height: 6px; margin: 0;"> </p>
#background-graffiti
{
position: fixed;
/* 1. Essential to take up the whole screen width */
width: 100vw;
/* 2. Key to expanding the usable vertical space */
height: 100vh;
display: flex; /* Turn on Flexbox */
justify-content: center; /* Center horizontally */
align-items: center; /* Center vertically */
/* OPTIONAL: Center the text content itself */
text-align: center;
font-size: 20rem;
font-weight: bold;
color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
z-index: -1;
pointer-events: none;
}
The CSS pointer-events property controls how an element responds to mouse events, such as clicks and hovers. By setting pointer-events to none, the element will not respond to any pointer interactions, allowing events to pass through to elements behind it.
Functions
function getDefaultStyle( tagName, property = null )
{
if( tagName === undefined )
{
console.warn( 'Usage: ' + getDefaultStyle.name + '( "tagName", "property" )' );
return false;
}
// List of common properties affected by User Agent stylesheets
const COMMON_DEFAULTS = [
'display', 'margin', 'padding', 'border', 'fontSize',
'fontWeight', 'fontFamily', 'color', 'lineHeight',
'listStyleType', 'textAlign', 'verticalAlign'
];
// 1. Create the element
const el = document.createElement( tagName );
document.body.appendChild( el );
// 2. Get the computed style object
const style = window.getComputedStyle( el );
let result = {};
if( property )
{
// --- Single Property Mode ---
result = style[property];
}
else
{
// --- All Properties Mode ---
// Iterate through the common list and store the computed value
COMMON_DEFAULTS.forEach( prop => {
// NOTE: Use camelCase for JS access (e.g., 'font-size' becomes 'fontSize')
const jsProp = prop.replace( /-([a-z])/g, (g) => g[1].toUpperCase( ) );
result[prop] = style[jsProp];
});
}
// 3. Clean up the element
document.body.removeChild( el );
return result;
}
Boyce–Codd normal form is a level of database normalization that aims to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to increased computing power and decreased costs for technology.
Dennard scaling states that as transistors are made smaller, their power density remains constant, allowing power consumption to stay proportional to the area.
Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric that measures the complexity of a program by counting the number of linearly independent paths through its source code.
Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to that of a human.
Postel's Law (Robustness Principle) states: "Be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others."
Wirth's Law states that software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster.
Separation of concerns is a design principle for separating a computer program into distinct sections such that each section addresses a separate concern.
Little's Law is a theorem that determines the average number of items in a stationary queuing system based on the average arrival rate and the average time an item spends in the system.
Namespace is a set of signs (identifiers) that are used to identify and refer to objects of various kinds. A namespace ensures that all of a given set of objects have unique names.
Linus's Law is the assertion that "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow".
Heuristic is a technique designed for solving a problem more quickly when classic methods are too slow, or for finding an approximate solution when classic methods fail to find any exact solution.
Software Entropy is the tendency for a system to become more complex and disorganized over time.
Indexing is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations.
Regression Testing is the practice of testing a system after changes to ensure that old features haven't broken.
Data Integrity is the assurance that digital data is uncorrupted and can only be accessed or modified by those authorized to do so.
Fault Injection is a testing technique which aids in understanding how a system behaves when stressed in unusual ways.
Ad Hoc describes a solution designed for a specific task or problem, not intended to be adapted to other purposes or generalized.
Tolerance is the permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension or measured value.
Determinism is a system where the same input always produces the same output. Programming is deterministic.
Tacit Knowledge is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it.
Character Encoding is a convention of using a numeric value to represent each character of a writing script.
Unit Testing is the process of testing small, isolated pieces of code to ensure they behave exactly as expected.
Unicode Properties allow developers to classify characters by their function (Letter, Number, Emoji, Control) across all human languages.
Principle of Least Privilege is the idea that at any level, every program and user should operate using the least amount of privilege necessary to complete the job.
UTF-8 is the dominant character encoding for the web, ensuring a consistent handshake between the server and the browser.
Replacement Character is used when an incoming byte sequence does not match any valid character in the encoding map.
Control Characters are non-printing "squirrels" that define text flow or terminal behavior but often appear as junk data in logs.
Regular Expression Anchors like ^ and $ are used to lock a search pattern to the start or end of a line for precision.
Allman Style is an indentation convention where the opening brace is placed on a new line, vertically aligned with the control statement.
Code Refactoring is the process of restructuring existing code to improve its internal design without changing its external behavior.
Technical Debt is the implied cost of additional rework caused by choosing an easy or messy solution now instead of a clean one.
Clean Code is a development philosophy focused on making code easy to read, maintain, and audit for a second pair of eyes.
Sanitization is the process of cleaning input data to prevent "ghosts," "squirrels," or malicious scripts from entering the system.
Globbing is the use of wildcard characters, like the double asterisk, to specify sets of filenames or directory paths.
ACID is a set of properties of database transactions intended to guarantee data validity despite errors, power failures, and other mishaps.
Dijkstra's algorithm is an algorithm for finding the shortest paths between nodes in a weighted graph, which may represent, for example, a road network.
Second Pair of Eyes (SPE) is a code review done by another developer to examine code changes, which helps catch bugs and improve code quality.
Debouncing is a programming technique used to limit the rate at which a function is executed, particularly in response to user input. It consolidates multiple rapid invocations into a single call after a specified delay, helping to improve performance and user experience.
Economics
Supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.
Inflation is an increase in the average price of goods and services in terms of money.
Opportunity cost of a choice is the value of the best alternative forgone where, given limited resources, a choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives.
Planned obsolescence is the concept of policies planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life...
Perverse incentive is an incentive structure with undesirable results, particularly one where those effects are unexpected and contrary to the intentions of its designers.
Jevons paradox is an economic theory that suggests that as technological advancements make resource use more efficient, the overall consumption of that resource can actually increase rather than decrease.
Third World is a term that arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.
Gentrification is the process whereby the character of a neighborhood changes through the influx of more affluent residents (the "gentry") and investment.
Rust Belt is an area of the United States that underwent substantial industrial decline in the late 20th century.
Catfish effect is the effect that a strong competitor has in causing the weak to better themselves.
Electricity
Ohm's Law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit.
Engineering/Physics
Newton's Laws of Motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.
Sonic boom is a sound associated with shock waves created when an object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound.
Doppler effect is the change in the frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave.
Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an object or system is subjected to an external force or vibration whose frequency matches a resonant frequency (or resonance frequency) of the system, defined as a frequency that generates a maximum amplitude response in the system.
Mach number is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound.
Conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time.
Momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction.
Superposition principle states that, for all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually.
Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force by stating that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass.
Coriolis force is a pseudo force that acts on objects in motion within a frame of reference that rotates with respect to an inertial frame.
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change its shape, area, volume, and density in response to a change in temperature.
Stiction is a portmanteau of the words static and friction; the threshold of friction that must be overcome to enable relative motion of stationary objects in contact.
Surface tension is the energy per unit area due to having a surface in a liquid. It has the dimension of force per unit length, or energy per unit area.
Finance/Investment
Rule of 72 is a method for estimating an investment's doubling time.
Maps/Navigation
Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection created by Gerardus Mercator in 1569, designed for navigation. It represents rhumb lines as straight lines, but distorts the size of landmasses, making areas farther from the equator appear larger than they actually are.
Antipodes are any two places or regions that are on diametrically opposite sides of the earth.
Rhumb line (loxodromic curve) is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle.
Great circle (orthodromic curve) is the circular intersection of a sphere and a plane passing through the sphere's center point.
Math
Azimuth is the horizontal angle from a cardinal direction, most commonly north, in a local or observer-centric spherical coordinate system.
Order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression.
Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself.
Idempotence is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application.
Sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit.
Technical debt is the implied cost of additional rework caused by choosing an easy solution now instead of using a better approach that would take longer.
Sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit.
Philosopy/Science
Signal-to-noise ratio is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise.
Qualia refers to individual instances of subjective, conscious experience—the "Ghost" in the machine that determines if an AI truly feels or just simulates.
Psychology/Sociology
Dyad is a group of two people, the smallest possible social group.
Archetype a universal symbol or pattern that represent typical characters, themes, or situations in literature and human experience.
Nature versus nurture is a long-standing debate in biology and society about the relative influence on human beings of their genetic inheritance or biology (nature) and the environmental conditions of their development (nurture).
XYZ
Eudaimonia is a Greek word literally translating to the state or condition of good spirit, and which is commonly translated as happiness or welfare.
Pareto principle states that, for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the "vital few").
Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition.
Overton window is the range of subjects and arguments politically acceptable to the mainstream population at a given time.
Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure. This structure permits the protein to become biologically functional or active.
Artificial general intelligence sometimes called human‑level intelligence AI—is a type of artificial intelligence that would match or surpass human capabilities across virtually all cognitive tasks.
Forgiving Design is a traffic safety concept.
Neural scaling law is an empirical scaling law that describes how neural network performance changes as key factors are scaled up or down.
Occam's razor is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements.
Straw man is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing or acknowledging the distinction.
Red herring is something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important question.
Black swan theory is a metaphor that describes an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect, and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight.
Rule of thumb is a useful principle having wide application but not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable in every situation.
Synergy is the interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
Ostrich effect is a cognitive bias where individuals avoid negative information or feedback to prevent psychological discomfort, similar to the myth that ostriches bury their heads in the sand to escape danger.
Ephemerality is the concept of things being transitory, existing only briefly.
Shiny object syndrome is the situation where people focus undue attention on an idea that is new and trendy, yet drop it in its entirety as soon as something new can take its place.
Trump derangement syndrome is a pejorative term used to describe negative reactions to U.S. president Donald Trump that are characterized as irrational and disconnected from Trump's actual policy positions.
Self-licking ice cream cone is a self-perpetuating system that has no purpose other than to sustain itself.
Ephemerality is the concept of things being transitory, existing only briefly.
Lindy effect is a theorized phenomenon by which the future life expectancy of some non-perishable thing, like a technology or an idea, is proportional to its current age.
"50/50 paint job" refers to a finish that looks good from 50 feet away or at 50 miles per hour, meaning it may not be perfect up close but is acceptable for general viewing. This approach is often used in budget or quick paint jobs where the focus is on appearance rather than perfection.
Social engineering (security) is the use of psychological pressure to influence people to perform actions or divulge confidential information.
Parakeet principle refers to the behavior of parakeets, particularly monk parakeets, in forming new friendships by gradually testing how close they can get to unfamiliar birds. This cautious approach helps them build trust and avoid conflict while establishing social bonds.
70-20-10 rule is a strategy popularized by Google, suggesting that organizations should allocate 70% of their resources to core business activities, 20% to adjacent innovations, and 10% to breakthrough or unrelated projects.
Monoculturalism is the policy or process of supporting, advocating, or allowing the expression of the culture of a single social or ethnic group.
Nature versus nurture is a long-standing debate in biology and society about the relative influence on human beings of their genetic inheritance or biology (nature) and the environmental conditions of their development (nurture).
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Calculations, Manual
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Cross-multiplication is a mathematical technique used to solve equations involving fractions. It involves multiplying the numerator of one fraction by the denominator of the other fraction and setting the two products equal to each other.
A fund is making 33% interest per 1.5 years. What percentage would be for X years? Dividing 33 by 1.5 equals 22 which is the yearly percentage. Then multiplying 22 by X years for the answer.
Unit price is the price of a standard amount of a good, as of weight or volume.
Compare 2 item prices with each other. Find a comparable unit between the 2 items. Which one has a better unit price?
Item
Size
Unit
Calculation
Conversion
Price
Calculation
Price/Unit
1st
1.5
lbs
1.5 lbs x 16 oz
24 oz
$3.69
$3.69 / 24 oz
$0.153 / oz
2nd
7
oz
none
7 oz
$1.49
$1.49 / 7 oz
$0.212 / oz
Interest is the cost of borrowing money, typically expressed as a percentage of the principal amount borrowed
Future: calculate interest including principal...principal x interest rate (rate plus "1" being the principal). e.g. $1,000 x 1.25% = $1,250
Former: calculate interest percentage...principal (ending) / principal (starting)...subtract 1. e.g. ($1,250 / $1,000) - 1 = 0.25%, ($750 / $1,000) - 1 = -0.25%
Industrialization, global trade, parliamentary governance
These civilizations shaped the world through innovations in governance, science, art, and philosophy. Their legacies still echo in modern institutions, languages, and cultural norms.
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LibreWolf
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LibreWolf is a free and open-source web browser based on Firefox, designed with a strong emphasis on privacy and security. It removes telemetry, disables certain features for enhanced privacy, and includes tools like uBlock Origin to block ads and trackers, making it a popular choice for users seeking a more secure browsing experience.
Menu ➜ Tools ➜ Tools Browser for some useful items. Also use the following URL links for other useful pages.
Overview of Desktop Environments and Window Managers
What is a Desktop Environment?
A desktop environment (DE) is a comprehensive suite of applications and tools that provide a graphical interface for users. It includes:
Taskbar and Start Menu: For easy access to applications.
File Manager: To manage files and directories.
Widgets and Themes: For customization and aesthetics.
Integrated Applications: Such as terminal emulators and multimedia players.
Examples of DEs include KDE, GNOME, and Xfce. These environments are designed to be user-friendly and require minimal setup.
What is a Window Manager?
A window manager (WM) is a more lightweight software component that manages the placement and appearance of application windows. It focuses on:
Window Management: Controls how windows are displayed, resized, and moved.
Minimal Resource Usage: Generally uses fewer system resources than a full desktop environment.
Customization: Allows users to choose their own applications for tasks like file management.
Examples of WMs include i3, Openbox, and Fluxbox. They can be used independently or alongside a desktop environment.
Key Differences
Feature
Desktop Environment
Window Manager
Complexity
More complex, includes many components
Simpler, focuses on window management
Resource Usage
Generally higher resource usage
Lower resource usage
User Experience
Integrated and user-friendly
Requires more setup and customization
Customization
Limited to provided options
Highly customizable
Choosing Between Them
For Beginners: A desktop environment is recommended for ease of use and quick setup.
For Advanced Users: A window manager may be preferred for its efficiency and customization options, especially on older hardware.
Both options have their advantages, and the choice depends on user needs and preferences.
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Bell System Hierarchy
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Bell System: From Divestiture to Consolidation (1974 ➜ Today)
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Copper Carriers
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Current Major ILEC Copper Carriers in the U.S. (2025)
The companies that own and operate the inherited, old copper wire local phone networks—known as Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs)—are the ones who still hold the Baby Bell and GTE/Independent Telephone Company copper infrastructure.
The actual remaining/current major copper carriers generally fall into three categories.
Category Name
Telecom Term
Description
Examples
I. Bell System Legacy
RBOCs / Baby Bells
The companies created from the 1984 breakup of AT&T (the Regional Bell Operating Companies). They own the original copper in the densest, most profitable areas.
AT&T (SBC/BellSouth) and Verizon (Bell Atlantic, plus acquired GTE areas).
II. Independent Legacy
Major Independent ILECs
Large telephone companies that were never part of the original Bell System monopoly but had their own incumbent monopolies in rural and less-dense areas.
CenturyTel (now Lumen/Brightspeed), GTE (now part of Verizon/Frontier/Ziply), and Frontier's original markets.
III. Modern ILEC Buyers
New ILEC/Spin-Offs
Companies formed recently to purchase, consolidate, and eventually upgrade large chunks of copper infrastructure from the two categories above.
Brightspeed (purchased assets from Lumen) and Ziply Fiber (purchased assets from Frontier/Verizon).
The list of major players has been dramatically consolidated by sales over the last decade.
Carrier Category
Remaining ILEC Copper Owner
Original Legacy Copper
States Where They Operate Copper
The Big Two
AT&T (SBC/BellSouth)
Southwestern Bell, BellSouth, Pacific Telesis, Ameritech, etc.
Primarily the 22 original Baby Bell states (outside the former US West/Qwest area).
The National ILEC
Lumen Technologies (FKA CenturyLink)
Former US West/Qwest and CenturyTel ILEC territories.
Retains the copper network for the remaining 16 states (primarily the old US West/Qwest region).
The Focused ILEC
Verizon
Former Bell Atlantic and some GTE territories (primarily in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic).
Limited footprint; largely focused on their fiber build-out (FiOS) and wireless.
New ILEC Buyers
Brightspeed
Former Lumen/CenturyLink copper assets.
20 states, primarily the former CenturyTel footprint.
Regional Players
Ziply Fiber
Former GTE/Frontier assets.
Pacific Northwest (OR, WA, ID, MT).
Frontier Communications
Former Verizon assets (mainly in the South/Midwest/West) and other independents.
Select rural and suburban markets across many states.
Key Takeaways on Copper Ownership
AT&T is the largest holder of the original Baby Bell copper network, covering the vast majority of the East, Midwest, and Southwest.
Lumen's focus is on fiber, but they still legally own and maintain the copper network in the former US West region.
Brightspeed and Ziply Fiber are the two largest recent buyers of this legacy copper infrastructure, with the goal of upgrading it to fiber over time.
Verizon sold most of its wireline assets over the last 15 years to Frontier and others, keeping only the most dense, profitable FiOS markets (mostly fiber, but some associated copper).
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Etymology
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The study of the origin and evolution of words
"robot" comes from the Czech word "robota," meaning "forced labor" or "drudgery." It was popularized by Karel Čapek in his 1920 play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots), although the term was actually coined by his brother, Josef Čapek.
"rubber" originated in the 1530s, meaning "thing that rubs," and was later used to describe the elastic substance from tropical plants by 1788. It comes from the English verb "to rub out," referring to its use for erasing pencil marks.
"ruler" comes from the late 14th century, originally meaning "one who rules or governs." It later evolved to refer to the measuring instrument, derived from the Latin "regula," meaning "straight stick" or "rule."
"telephone" comes from the French "téléphone," which is derived from the Ancient Greek words "τῆλε" (tēle) meaning "far" and "φωνή" (phōnē) meaning "voice." It was first used in the modern sense by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
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ms to FPS
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ms to FPS Logic
Frames per second (FPS) measures how many frames are rendered in one second. To convert milliseconds per frame (ms/frame) to FPS, use the inverse relationship, since there are 1,000 milliseconds in a second:
FPS = 1000 / ms per frame
Example: For 100 ms per frame, FPS = 1000 / 100 = 10 FPS.
Reasoning: If each frame takes 100 ms, you can fit 10 frames in 1,000 ms (1 second). Round to 2 decimals for precision, but whole numbers are common for simplicity. Lower ms = higher FPS (smoother); higher ms = lower FPS (choppier).
This formula is linear and direct—no advanced math needed. For a table, I selected common intervals (1-500 ms) to show the range from ultra-fast to slow.
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="A brief description of your webpage for SEO.">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, JavaScript, your, keywords, here">
<meta name="author" content="Your Name">
<title>Your Page Title</title>
<!-- Favicon Links -->
<link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <!-- Fallback -->
<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg" />
<!-- CSS Stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
<!-- Internal Styles -->
<style>
body
{
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
/* Add any other internal styles here */
</style>
<!-- JavaScript Scripts -->
<script src="script.js" defer></script> <!-- Defer attribute ensures it loads after the HTML -->
<script>
// Internal JavaScript can also go here
console.log( 'Page loaded!' );
</script>
</head>
Breakdown of the Structure
Meta Tags:
<meta charset>: Specifies the character encoding.
<meta name="viewport">: Makes your site responsive.
Other <meta> tags: Useful for SEO, such as description, keywords, and author.
Title: Sets the document's title for the browser tab and search engines.
Favicon Links: Both the ICO and SVG formats for fallback.
CSS Styles: Links to external stylesheets for better organization, followed by internal styles if any overriding styles are needed.
JavaScript:
External Scripts: Use the defer attribute to ensure scripts load after the HTML is parsed without blocking the page rendering.
Internal Scripts: Can be added for small bits of JavaScript that are specific to the page.
Conclusion
This structure allows for clarity and organization within the <head>, helping with both page performance and maintainability.
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JSON Query (jq)
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Overview of jq Command
jq is a powerful command-line tool designed for processing JSON data. It allows users to slice, filter, map, and transform JSON structures easily, similar to how tools like sed and awk work with text.
Key Features
Lightweight and Flexible
Written in C: jq is efficient and has no runtime dependencies.
Single Binary: You can download a single binary file for easy installation.
Command-Line Usage
Input as an argumentjq . filename.json
Input as a redirectjq < filename.json
Input as piped standard inputcat filename.json | jq
Input as echoed standard inputecho '{"key": "value"}' | jq
Common Operations
Operation
Command Example
Description
Pretty-print JSON
jq . file.json
Formats JSON for better readability.
Extract a field
jq '.field' file.json
Retrieves the value of a specific field.
Filter arrays
jq '.array[]' file.json
Outputs each element in an array on a new line.
Combine filters
jq '.field1, .field2' file.json
Retrieves multiple fields at once.
Conclusion
jq is an essential tool for anyone working with JSON data, especially in scripting and data processing tasks. Its ability to handle complex queries and transformations makes it invaluable for developers and data engineers.
Programming languages are categorized into different levels based on their abstraction from hardware. The main levels are low-level, medium-level, and high-level languages.
Low-Level Programming Languages
Definition: These languages provide little or no abstraction from a computer's hardware.
Characteristics:
High efficiency in execution speed and memory usage.
Direct control over hardware components.
Small code size, suitable for limited storage environments.
Examples:
Machine Code: The lowest level, consisting of binary instructions/code directly executed by the CPU.
Assembly Language: A Symbolic representation of machine code, specific to a CPU architecture.
Medium-Level Programming Languages
Definition: These languages offer a balance between low-level control and high-level abstraction.
Characteristics:
Sufficient abstraction for intuitive and readable code.
Increased portability across different platforms.
More user-friendly than low-level languages.
Examples:
C: Combines low-level features with high-level abstractions.
C++: An extension of C that includes object-oriented features.
Pascal: A procedural language that emphasizes structured programming.
High-Level Programming Languages
Definition: Designed to be easy for humans to read and write, these languages abstract away hardware details.
Characteristics:
Focus on program logic rather than machine internals.
Features like variables, functions, and loops for easier coding.
Generally less efficient than low-level languages due to abstraction.
Java: Widely used for its portability across platforms (WORA principle) and object-oriented features.
JavaScript: Widely used for web development, enabling interactive web pages.
C#: Developed by Microsoft, commonly used for Windows applications.
Ruby: Known for its elegant syntax, often used in web development.
Swift: Developed by Apple for iOS and macOS applications.
PHP: Primarily used for server-side web development.
This categorization helps in understanding the complexity and application of different programming languages.
Understanding these levels helps in choosing the right programming language for specific tasks and projects.
The main semiconductor equipment manufacturers include ASML, Applied Materials, Lam Research, and Tokyo Electron. These companies are leaders in providing the tools and systems necessary for semiconductor manufacturing.
Top Semiconductor Equipment Companies by Sales (2025)
Printing the microscopic circuit patterns onto the wafer using light.
Deposition
Adding ultra-thin layers of metals or chemicals to build the chip's structure.
Etching
Selectively removing material to "carve" the patterns into the wafer.
Cleaning
Ensuring the wafer is 100% free of contaminants between every single step.
Metrology
Using lasers and AI to inspect wafers for sub-nanometer errors or defects.
Testing
Electrical verification to ensure every individual chip on the wafer works.
Analysis of the "Market Share" Moats
The "EUV" Bottleneck: ASML's 83% share of lithography actually understates their power. In the advanced AI segment (sub-7nm), they have 100% market share because no other company can produce EUV machines.
Tokyo Electron's Stealth Monopoly: They own 90% of the "Track" market. This means for almost every ASML machine sold, a TEL machine must be sold to sit next to it.
Advantest vs. Teradyne: Advantest has taken the lead in market cap because they won the "AI Memory" (HBM) war, while Teradyne remains the leader in "Logic" (the brains of the chip).
Overview of the Industry
The semiconductor equipment industry is crucial for manufacturing semiconductors, which are essential components in electronic devices.
Major manufacturers provide systems for producing integrated circuits, MEMS, and other semiconductor devices.
The industry has seen significant growth, especially post-COVID-19, as demand for semiconductors has surged.
Market Dynamics
The U.S. semiconductor industry is highly competitive, with many companies involved in various aspects of semiconductor manufacturing.
The CHIPS for America Act aims to boost domestic production and reduce reliance on foreign suppliers, particularly from China.
These companies play a vital role in the semiconductor supply chain, impacting technology development and production capabilities globally.
This pane documents a complete, clean LMDE7 (Linux Mint Debian Edition 7 'Gigi') installation and configuration. It captures the intended state of the system — the architecture, identity, mounts, scripts, and conventions that define how this workstation is built and maintained.
Fresh Install Philosophy
This manual reflects the ideal, curated environment of a fresh LMDE7 install. Temporary files, editor swap files, timestamped backups, and other ephemeral artifacts are intentionally omitted to avoid noise and preserve clarity. Only meaningful, intentional components are documented.
The goal is to provide a reproducible, narrative‑driven reference that future‑you can use to rebuild the system exactly, without re‑debugging or rediscovering decisions.
Scope
System preparation and core packages
Terminal refinements and keybindings
Identity layer and environment unification
NAS mounts, permissions, and local overrides
Host identity, SSH configuration, and user artifacts
Flatpak ecosystem and application setup
Notes, philosophy, and future additions
Design Principles
Clarity — every subsystem is documented with intent and rationale.
Reproducibility — the system can be rebuilt from scratch using this pane alone.
Minimalism — only meaningful components are included; noise is excluded.
Narrative — decisions are preserved as part of the system’s story.
Install Date
bash-5.2$ ls -ld /lost+found
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jan 28 22:43 /lost+found
bash-5.2$ printf "$(ls -lct /etc | tail -1 | awk '{print $6, $7, $8}') $(date +%Y)\n"
Jan 28 22:44 2026
bash-5.2$ ls -lct /boot/
total 151660
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 142887732 Jan 28 22:50 initrd.img-6.12.48+deb13-amd64
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jan 28 22:49 grub
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12109760 Jan 28 22:47 vmlinuz-6.12.48+deb13-amd64
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 283306 Jan 28 22:44 config-6.12.48+deb13-amd64
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 83 Jan 28 22:44 System.map-6.12.48+deb13-amd64
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 31 1969 efi
bash-5.2$
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:15:48 0 [# ls /var/log/journal/
08f04386adf845ac8a5373839e927012
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:15:55 0 [# ls /var/log/journal/08f04386adf845ac8a5373839e927012/
system.journal user-1000.journal
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:15:58 0 [# file /var/log/journal/08f04386adf845ac8a5373839e927012/
/var/log/journal/08f04386adf845ac8a5373839e927012/: setgid, directory
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:16:08 0 [# ls -la /var/log/journal/08f04386adf845ac8a5373839e927012/
total 40976
drwxr-sr-x+ 2 root systemd-journal 4096 Jan 29 00:54 .
drwxr-sr-x+ 3 root systemd-journal 4096 Jan 28 23:52 ..
-rw-r-----+ 1 root systemd-journal 33554432 Feb 10 20:15 system.journal
-rw-r-----+ 1 root systemd-journal 8388608 Feb 10 20:15 user-1000.journal
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:16:16 0 [# ls -lah /var/log/journal/08f04386adf845ac8a5373839e927012/
total 41M
drwxr-sr-x+ 2 root systemd-journal 4.0K Jan 29 00:54 .
drwxr-sr-x+ 3 root systemd-journal 4.0K Jan 28 23:52 ..
-rw-r-----+ 1 root systemd-journal 32M Feb 10 20:15 system.journal
-rw-r-----+ 1 root systemd-journal 8.0M Feb 10 20:15 user-1000.journal
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:16:19 0 [# journalctl --disk-usage
Archived and active journals take up 40M in the file system.
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:17:10 0 [# ls -lh /var/log/journal
total 4.0K
drwxr-sr-x+ 2 root systemd-journal 4.0K Jan 29 00:54 08f04386adf845ac8a5373839e927012
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:17:34 0 [# ls -lh /var/log/journal/08f04386adf845ac8a5373839e927012
total 41M
-rw-r-----+ 1 root systemd-journal 32M Feb 10 20:20 system.journal
-rw-r-----+ 1 root systemd-journal 8.0M Feb 10 20:15 user-1000.journal
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:20:37 0 [# sudo mkdir -p /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d
[sudo] password for kemiko:
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:21:40 0 [# sudo vi /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/99-journal.conf
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:22:21 0 [# sudo cat /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/99-journal.conf
[Journal]
Storage=persistent
SystemMaxUse=200M
SystemKeepFree=500M
MaxFileSec=1month
Compress=yes
Seal=yes
SyncIntervalSec=5m
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:22:26 0 [# sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:22:34 0 [# journalctl --disk-usage
Archived and active journals take up 40M in the file system.
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:22:40 0 [#
systemd-analyze
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:38:19 0 [# systemd-analyze blame
3min 1.083s getty@tty3.service
9.460s blueman-mechanism.service
9.380s e2scrub_reap.service
6.740s dev-sda6.device
5.691s udisks2.service
4.576s systemd-journal-flush.service
4.135s accounts-daemon.service
3.813s NetworkManager.service
3.676s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
3.627s ModemManager.service
3.584s debian-system-adjustments.service
3.531s sysfsutils.service
3.509s apparmor.service
3.216s lvm2-monitor.service
3.114s apt-daily.service
3.101s polkit.service
3.095s avahi-daemon.service
3.023s bluetooth.service
2.945s thermald.service
2.904s dbus.service
2.579s fwupd.service
2.537s dkms.service
2.387s switcheroo-control.service
2.249s systemd-udevd.service
2.242s xfs_scrub_all.service
1.982s networking.service
1.858s plymouth-start.service
1.839s systemd-modules-load.service
1.822s rsyslog.service
1.806s sysstat.service
1.718s boot-efi.mount
1.679s home-kemiko.mount
1.581s systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev-early.service
1.423s plocate-updatedb.service
1.349s systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service
1.282s systemd-logind.service
1.247s systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-6B65\x2d512B.service
1.218s lm-sensors.service
1.171s grub-common.service
1.089s wpa_supplicant.service
1.036s systemd-random-seed.service
965ms run-rpc_pipefs.mount
939ms man-db.service
864ms rpcbind.service
690ms apt-daily-upgrade.service
656ms nfs-blkmap.service
630ms plymouth-read-write.service
535ms ifupdown-pre.service
513ms systemd-udev-trigger.service
501ms power-profiles-daemon.service
457ms systemd-binfmt.service
453ms colord.service
452ms rpc-statd-notify.service
441ms ufw.service
418ms logrotate.service
384ms systemd-udev-load-credentials.service
352ms systemd-sysctl.service
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:38:22 0 [# systemd-analyze critical-chain
The time when unit became active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit took to start is printed after the "+" character.
graphical.target @24.081s
└─power-profiles-daemon.service @23.578s +501ms
└─multi-user.target @23.576s
└─getty.target @23.576s
└─getty@tty1.service @23.576s
└─plymouth-quit-wait.service @23.309s +264ms
└─systemd-user-sessions.service @23.269s +36ms
└─remote-fs.target @23.193s
└─home-kemiko.mount @21.513s +1.679s
└─network-online.target @21.511s
└─NetworkManager-wait-online.service @17.833s +3.676s
└─NetworkManager.service @14.017s +3.813s
└─dbus.service @11.106s +2.904s
└─basic.target @10.902s
└─paths.target @10.901s
└─systemd-ask-password-wall.path @4.097s
└─-.mount @4.009s
└─-.slice @4.009s
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:38:34 0 [# systemd-analyze time
Startup finished in 5.946s (kernel) + 24.081s (userspace) = 30.027s
graphical.target reached after 24.081s in userspace.
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 20:38:40 0 [#
Swap Settings
Implement a swap file
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:01 0 [# sudo fallocate -l 16G /swapfile
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:03 0 [# sudo file /swapfile
swapfile: data
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:05 0 [# sudo ls -la /swapfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16G Jan 29 00:35 /swapfile
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:07 0 [# sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:09 0 [# ls -la /swapfile
-rw------- 1 root root 16G Jan 29 00:45 /swapfile
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:11 0 [# sudo mkswap /swapfile
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 16 GiB (17179865088 bytes)
no label, UUID=ec7c51b0-fd71-4e5e-a813-b0600c21a248
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:43:13 0 [# file /swapfile
/swapfile: Linux swap file, 4k page size, little endian, version 1, size 4194303 pages, 0 bad pages, no label, UUID=ec7c51b0-fd71-4e5e-a813-b0600c21a248
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:15 0 [# sudo swapon /swapfile
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:15 0 [# sudo swapon --show
NAME TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
/swapfile file 16G 0G -2
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:17 0 [# sudo echo -e "\n/swapfile none swap defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:35:19 0 [#
Change swappiness
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:37:05 0 [# cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
60
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:37:06 0 [# sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=20
vm.swappiness = 20
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:37:08 0 [# vi /etc/sysctl.d/99-swappiness.conf
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:37:12 0 [# cat /etc/sysctl.d/99-swappiness.conf
# LMDE7 tuned swappiness for HDD-backed swap
# 60 — default; the kernel starts swapping earlier than necessary on large‑RAM systems
# 45 — moderate; delays swapping but still uses it under load
# 20 — conservative; RAM is preferred strongly, swap used only when memory is genuinely cold
# 10 — very conservative; swap becomes a safety net rather than an active tool
vm.swappiness=20
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 00:37:13 0 [#
cat /etc/fstab
#] kemiko@lmde:~/doc 21:03:24 0 [# cat /etc/fstab
#### Static Filesystem Table File
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# /dev/sda6
UUID=23d11aea-dccd-4fb7-ac4a-468a31c5351f / ext4 rw,errors=remount-ro 0 1
# old /dev/sdb2 entry removed
# UUID=D51A-5103 /boot/efi vfat defaults 0 1
# /dev/sda5
UUID=6B65-512B /boot/efi vfat defaults 0 1
# swap file
UUID=ec7c51b0-fd71-4e5e-a813-b0600c21a248 /swapfile none swap defaults 0 0
#192.168.1.3:/share/homes/LMDE7 /home/kemiko nfs4 rw,noatime,_netdev 0 0
#192.168.1.3:/share/homes/LMDE7 /home/kemiko nfs rw,noatime,_netdev,tcp,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 0 0
# ==============================
# NAS – NFS Mounts (192.168.1.3)
# ==============================
###############################################################################
# Home directory mount (NFSv4)
#
# This mount remains intentionally unchanged. While the rest of the NAS
# subsystem has been unified under NFSv3 for clarity and consistency, the
# /home/kemiko directory continues to use the NAS’s NFSv4 pseudo-root path:
#
# /share/homes/LMDE7 → /home/kemiko
#
# Rationale:
# - This mount is stable and functioning correctly under NFSv4.
# - It is isolated from the unified NFSv3 mounts and does not introduce
# namespace ambiguity or mixed-path conflicts.
# - Migrating the home directory is optional and can be done later without
# affecting the unified NFSv3 subsystem.
#
# This block documents the decision to preserve the existing behavior.
###############################################################################
192.168.1.3:/share/homes/LMDE7 /home/kemiko nfs rw,noatime,_netdev,tcp,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 0 0
###############################################################################
# Unified NFSv3 configuration
#
# After investigating the NAS’s mixed NFSv3/NFSv4 behavior, all shares have
# been migrated to NFSv3 for clarity, consistency, and predictable behavior.
#
# Rationale:
# - The NAS exports all shares cleanly via NFSv3 using literal paths:
# /homes, /Multimedia, /3D-Models, /Public
# - NFSv4 on this NAS uses a pseudo-root (/share/NFSv=4) and only mapped
# some shares (homes, Multimedia, 3D-Models) into the virtual namespace.
# - /Public was *not* mapped into the NFSv4 namespace, causing /share/Public
# to fail even though the directory existed.
# - NFSv3 avoids pseudo-root complexity, vendor quirks, and inconsistent
# namespace mapping. All shares behave uniformly under NFSv3.
#
# New unified mounts (alphabetized):
192.168.1.3:/3D-Models /media/nas/models nfs rw,noatime,_netdev,tcp,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 0 0
192.168.1.3:/homes /media/nas/homes nfs rw,noatime,_netdev,tcp,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 0 0
192.168.1.3:/Multimedia /media/nas/media nfs rw,noatime,_netdev,tcp,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 0 0
192.168.1.3:/Public /media/nas/public nfs rw,noatime,_netdev,tcp,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 0 0
#
# End unified NFSv3 block.
###############################################################################
/home/kemiko.localbind/.cache /home/kemiko/.cache none bind 0 0
/home/kemiko.localbind/.mozilla /home/kemiko/.mozilla none bind 0 0
/home/kemiko.localbind/.thumbnails /home/kemiko/.thumbnails none bind 0 0
/home/kemiko.localbind/Apps /home/kemiko/Apps none bind 0 0
/home/kemiko.localbind/.opera/opera /home/kemiko/.config/opera none bind 0 0
/home/kemiko.localbind/.chromium/chromium /home/kemiko/.config/chromium none bind 0 0
/home/kemiko.localbind/.librewolf/librewolf /home/kemiko/.config/librewolf none bind 0 0
#] kemiko@lmde:~/doc 21:03:29 0 [#
cat /etc/default/grub
] kemiko@lmde:~ 21:21:59 0 [# cat /etc/default/grub
# If you change this file or any /etc/default/grub.d/*.cfg file,
# run 'update-grub' afterwards to update /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
# For full documentation of the options in these files, see:
# info -f grub -n 'Simple configuration'
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`( . /etc/os-release && echo ${NAME} )`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
# If your computer has multiple operating systems installed, then you
# probably want to run os-prober. However, if your computer is a host
# for guest OSes installed via LVM or raw disk devices, running
# os-prober can cause damage to those guest OSes as it mounts
# filesystems to look for things.
#GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false
# Uncomment to enable BadRAM filtering, modify to suit your needs
# This works with Linux (no patch required) and with any kernel that obtains
# the memory map information from GRUB (GNU Mach, kernel of FreeBSD ...)
#GRUB_BADRAM="0x01234567,0xfefefefe,0x89abcdef,0xefefefef"
# Uncomment to disable graphical terminal
#GRUB_TERMINAL=console
# The resolution used on graphical terminal
# note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE/GOP/UGA
# you can see them in real GRUB with the command `videoinfo'
#GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480
# Uncomment if you don't want GRUB to pass "root=UUID=xxx" parameter to Linux
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true
# Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entries
#GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"
# Uncomment to get a beep at grub start
#GRUB_INIT_TUNE="480 440 1"
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 21:22:02 0 [#
cat /etc/hosts
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 21:32:06 0 [# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 lmde
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
192.168.1.1 rtr
192.168.1.2 web
192.168.1.3 nas
192.168.1.4 box
192.168.1.5 vmw
192.168.1.6 lmd
#] kemiko@lmde:~ 21:32:08 0 [#
#] kemiko@lmde:~/doc 20:57:44 0 [# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 100M 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 262.9G 0 part
├─sda3 8:3 0 750M 0 part
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 513M 0 part /boot/efi
└─sda6 8:6 0 201.6G 0 part /home/kemiko/.config/librewolf
/home/kemiko/.config/chromium
/home/kemiko/.config/opera
/home/kemiko/Apps
/home/kemiko/.thumbnails
/home/kemiko/.cache
/home/kemiko/.mozilla
/
sdb 8:16 1 0B 0 disk
sdc 8:32 1 57.8G 0 disk
└─sdc1 8:33 1 57.7G 0 part /media/kemiko/Kent
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
#] kemiko@lmde:~/doc 20:57:48 0 [# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE FSVER LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINTS
sda
├─sda1 ntfs System AC26EA3D26EA07E2
├─sda2 ntfs Windows DAE2EB50E2EB2F85
├─sda3 ntfs Recovery image AA9CEC0A9CEBCF3F
├─sda4
├─sda5 vfat FAT32 6B65-512B 512M 0% /boot/efi
└─sda6 ext4 1.0 23d11aea-dccd-4fb7-ac4a-468a31c5351f 158.9G 14% /home/kemiko/.config/librewolf
/home/kemiko/.config/chromium
/home/kemiko/.config/opera
/home/kemiko/Apps
/home/kemiko/.thumbnails
/home/kemiko/.cache
/home/kemiko/.mozilla
/
sdb
sdc
└─sdc1 exfat 1.0 Kent C04D-548C 12.1G 79% /media/kemiko/Kent
sr0
#] kemiko@lmde:~/doc 20:57:52 0 [#
Vim Setup
apt install vim # install full vim.basic
update-alternatives --list vi # show available vi providers
update-alternatives --config vi # select vim.basic
Selection Path Priority Status
------------------------------------------------------------
0 /usr/bin/vim.basic 30 auto mode
1 /usr/bin/vim.basic 30 manual mode
2 /usr/bin/vim.tiny 15 manual mode
Browsers
Firefox ➜ 143.0.3 (preinstalled)
Chromium ➜ 144.0.7559.96 (apt)
LibreWolf ➜ 147.0.2-1 (AppImage on SSD)
Opera ➜ 126.0.5750.59 (official .deb + apt repo)
tor ➜ currently not installed
Browser Ecosystem Overview
The browser environment is optimized for performance and stability. All high‑churn browser profiles live on local SSD storage and are bind‑mounted over the NFS‑backed home directory. This removes NFS latency from profile operations while preserving the expected paths under /home/kemiko. All browser caches live under ~/.cache, which is also SSD‑local.
Browser
Profile Path (User View)
SSD‑Local Source Path
Cache Location
Notes
Firefox
/home/kemiko/.mozilla
/home/kemiko.localbind/.mozilla
/home/kemiko/.cache/mozilla
Native package; stable profile structure.
Opera
/home/kemiko/.config/opera
/home/kemiko.localbind/.opera/opera
/home/kemiko/.cache/opera
Includes built‑in extensions and partner data.
Chromium
/home/kemiko/.config/chromium
/home/kemiko.localbind/.chromium/chromium
/home/kemiko/.cache/chromium
Clean, predictable profile tree.
LibreWolf
/home/kemiko/.config/librewolf
/home/kemiko.localbind/.librewolf/librewolf
/home/kemiko/.cache/librewolf
AppImage; Firefox‑style profile layout.
Why SSD for Browsers
Browser profiles generate constant I/O: tabs, sessionstore, cookies, history, favicons, extensions, service workers, and local storage. On NFS this causes UI stalls, slow startup/shutdown, and unnecessary NAS load. Keeping profiles and caches on SSD removes network latency from these operations while still allowing the NFS home directory to remain the structural source of truth.
Faster interaction: Tab switching, scrolling, and session restore remain responsive under load.
Reduced NAS churn: High‑frequency writes stay local instead of hitting the network.
Predictable behavior: Browsers behave like they are running on a purely local home directory.
Browser Migration Ritual
All browsers follow the same migration pattern to keep the layout consistent and reversible.
Shut down the browser: Confirm with pgrep that no processes remain.
Create SSD‑local directory: e.g. /home/kemiko.localbind/.librewolf.
Move the profile: Move the entire profile tree from NFS to SSD.
Recreate the mountpoint: Create an empty directory on the NFS side.
Add the fstab entry: Bind SSD → NFS path.
Reload and mount:systemctl daemon-reload, then mount -a.
Validate: Check lsblk, SSD contents, and that the NFS mountpoint is empty.
The browser ecosystem follows three principles: high‑churn data stays on SSD for performance, the NFS‑backed home directory remains the structural source of truth, and every browser uses the same bind‑mount grammar. This keeps behavior consistent across applications while preserving a clear separation between volatile SSD state and durable NAS‑backed home data.
LibreWolf ➜ Profile Backup / Restore
# Profile Location ➜ lmde (local) and LMDE7 (NAS)
~/.librewolf/<profile-name>/
# Identify active profile
about:profiles
# Backup (simple directory copy)
cp -a ~/.config/librewolf/librewolf/<profile-name> ~/bck/librewolf-profile-$(date +%Y%m%d)
# Restore (overwrite existing profile)
cp -a ~/bck/librewolf-profile-YYYYMMDD ~/.librewolf/<profile-name>
# Notes:
# - Root Directory contains the real profile: prefs, extensions, containers, history, bookmark, session data.
# - Local Directory is cache-only and is regenerated automatically.
# - Safe to restore while LibreWolf is closed.
# - If profile name changes, update profiles.ini via about:profiles.
# - Good practice: back up before major config changes or extension experiments.
# - Optional: confirm restored profile contents:
# ls ~/.librewolf/<profile-name>/
VPN Ecosystem
The VPN layer provides network‑level privacy: protection from ISP‑level data harvesting, secure public Wi‑Fi usage, and predictable encrypted routing. This is not for anonymity or evasion; it is the network equivalent of LibreWolf’s browser‑level protections — clean, transparent, and privacy‑first.
Why Use a VPN
Prevent ISP profiling: ISPs log DNS queries, traffic patterns, and browsing metadata by default.
Secure public networks: Coffee shops, hotels, and airports expose unencrypted traffic.
Reduce tracking surfaces: A VPN removes one layer of metadata correlation.
Predictable behavior: All outbound traffic is encrypted and routed through a single, known endpoint.
Why Mullvad
Mullvad aligns with the same philosophy as LibreWolf: privacy by design, no telemetry, no marketing gimmicks, and no data harvesting. It is one of the few VPNs with transparent ownership, public audits, and a strict no‑logs stance backed by verifiable behavior.
Property
Mullvad Behavior
No account
Uses a random account number; no email or personal info required.
Flat pricing
€5/month, no sales, no upsells, no gimmicks.
No telemetry
No analytics, no tracking, no background reporting.
Audited
Regular independent audits of infrastructure and client software.
Transparent ownership
No holding companies, no hidden investors, no data brokers.
Browser‑agnostic
Works with LibreWolf, Firefox, Chromium, Opera, and Tor Browser.
Installation (LMDE)
# Install Mullvad VPN
sudo apt install mullvad-vpn
# Enable and start the daemon
sudo systemctl enable --now mullvad-daemon
# Verify service status
mullvad status
# Connect (after adding your account number)
mullvad relay set location us
mullvad connect
Notes & Behavior
No login: Authentication uses a 16‑digit account number.
No browser integration required: VPN is system‑wide; browsers remain unchanged.
Works with containers: LibreWolf containers remain fully isolated.
Predictable routing: All outbound traffic flows through the Mullvad tunnel.
Optional: Mullvad Browser is not required; LibreWolf remains the primary browser.
Verification
# Check external IP
curl https://am.i.mullvad.net/ip
# Check Mullvad connection status
mullvad status
# Confirm DNS is routed through Mullvad
curl https://am.i.mullvad.net/dns
VPN + Browser Ecosystem Integration
The VPN layer (Mullvad) and the browser layer (LibreWolf, Firefox, Chromium, Opera) operate independently but complement each other. Mullvad provides encrypted network routing, while each browser maintains its own privacy posture, containers, and SSD-local profiles. This separation keeps behavior predictable and avoids cross-layer interference.
Layer Responsibilities
Layer
Responsibility
Notes
Mullvad VPN
Encrypts all outbound WAN traffic
LAN traffic remains local; no browser integration required.
Browser
Privacy controls, containers, isolation
Profiles stored on SSD; caches under ~/.cache.
NFS Home
Structural source of truth
Bind-mounted paths ensure consistent layout.
SSD Localbind
High-churn data storage
Profiles, caches, and browser state remain fast and local.
Behavior Notes
No browser changes: Mullvad does not modify browser settings or profiles.
Containers remain isolated: VPN routing does not affect per-site container behavior.
DNS routing: All DNS queries are sent through Mullvad’s encrypted tunnel.
LAN access preserved: Local NAS and devices remain reachable.
Consistent IP: All browsers share the same external IP when VPN is active.
Verification (Browser + VPN)
# Check external IP (browser)
https://am.i.mullvad.net/ip
# Check DNS routing (browser)
https://am.i.mullvad.net/dns
# Check VPN status (terminal)
mullvad status
Integration Philosophy
The VPN and browser layers remain intentionally decoupled. Mullvad handles transport-level privacy, while each browser maintains its own isolation model. This mirrors the system’s overall design: SSD for performance, NFS for structure, containers for context separation, and Mullvad for encrypted routing.
VPN Flow Diagram
This diagram shows how browser traffic moves through the system: from the application layer, through the Linux networking stack, into the Mullvad tunnel, and out to the WAN. Local LAN traffic bypasses the VPN and is routed directly by the kernel.
+------------------+
| Browser Layer |
| (LibreWolf, etc) |
+---------+--------+
|
v
+------------------+
| Linux Kernel |
| Routing Table |
+---------+--------+
| (LAN traffic)
|------------------> Local Network (NAS, router, devices)
|
v (WAN traffic)
+------------------+
| Mullvad Tunnel |
| (wg-mullvad) |
+---------+--------+
|
v
+------------------+
| Internet |
| (WAN egress) |
+------------------+
The separation between LAN and WAN routing ensures predictable behavior: local services remain reachable, while all external traffic is encrypted and routed through Mullvad.
VPN Best Practices
These practices keep Mullvad predictable, stable, and aligned with the system’s privacy model. They mirror the same philosophy used for browser profiles, containers, and SSD-local storage.
Connect early: Start Mullvad before opening browsers to ensure consistent external IP and DNS routing.
Verify routing: Use mullvad status and https://am.i.mullvad.net to confirm tunnel state.
Keep LAN access enabled: Default behavior preserves NAS and local device connectivity.
Use stable locations: Choose a preferred relay region (e.g., mullvad relay set location us) for predictable IPs.
Update regularly: Mullvad client updates include security fixes and relay improvements.
Browser independence: Let browsers manage their own privacy (containers, isolation, SSD-local profiles).
No browser extensions: Avoid VPN browser extensions; use the system-wide tunnel for consistency.
Check after sleep/wake: Confirm the tunnel reconnects cleanly after suspend/resume cycles.
VPN Subsystem Behavior
Mullvad runs as a systemd-managed service (mullvad-daemon) on LMDE7. It integrates cleanly with NetworkManager and the Linux routing stack, providing stable and predictable behavior.
Service Management
# Check service status
systemctl status mullvad-daemon
# Start or stop the service
sudo systemctl start mullvad-daemon
sudo systemctl stop mullvad-daemon
# Enable autostart at boot
sudo systemctl enable mullvad-daemon
Connection Behavior
Autostart: When enabled, the daemon starts at boot and reconnects automatically.
Sleep/Wake: The tunnel typically reconnects within seconds after resume.
Multiple interfaces: Mullvad prefers the default route; switching networks triggers a reconnect.
DNS handling: Mullvad overrides DNS to its encrypted resolvers while connected.
LAN bypass: Local traffic is routed directly by the kernel unless LAN blocking is enabled.
Logs & Diagnostics
# View Mullvad logs
journalctl -u mullvad-daemon
# Check current tunnel state
mullvad status
# Show active relay
mullvad relay get
This behavior keeps Mullvad predictable and non-intrusive, fitting cleanly into the system’s layered architecture: SSD-local browser profiles, NFS-backed home structure, container isolation, and encrypted WAN routing.
LibreWolf ➜ about:config Essentials
# Fingerprinting & Privacy
privacy.resistFingerprinting = true
# privacy.clearOnShutdown.* # review per‑item behavior
privacy.clearOnShutdown.cookies = false # keeps logged into Gmail, etc
# Notes on shutdown‑clearing behavior:
# - Disk cache is already disabled in LibreWolf, so keeping memory cache is harmless.
# - Cookie isolation (cookieBehavior=5) prevents cross‑site tracking even with persistent cookies.
# - Keeping session cookies aligns with session restore and avoids unnecessary re‑authentication.
network.cookie.cookieBehavior = 5 # total isolation (LibreWolf default)
# Session Restore
browser.startup.page = 3 # 0 → Show a blank page, 1 → Show your home page, 2 → Show the last visited page, 3 → Restore previous session (windows + tabs)
browser.sessionstore.resume_from_crash = true
# HTTPS Enforcement
dom.security.https_only_mode = true
# Performance & Memory
browser.tabs.unloadOnLowMemory = true
browser.cache.disk.enable = false # LibreWolf default (disk cache disabled)
# Extensions & Scopes
extensions.autoDisableScopes = 0 # allow user-installed extensions without prompts
# URL Bar Suggestions
browser.urlbar.suggest.bookmark = true
browser.urlbar.suggest.history = true
browser.urlbar.suggest.openpage = true
browser.urlbar.suggest.searches = false
browser.urlbar.suggest.topsites = false
# Uncheck the following
Settings → Privacy & Security → Cookies and Site Data → ✔ Delete cookies and site data when LibreWolf is closed
# Uncheck the following
Settings → Privacy & Security → History → ✔ Clear history when LibreWolf closes
# Per‑Site Privacy
# LibreWolf includes a per‑site “Forgetful Browsing” toggle.
# Check via: Padlock icon → Forgetful Browsing
# Must be OFF for:
# - accounts.google.com
# - mail.google.com
# - copilot.microsoft.com
LibreWolf ➜ Containers Setup
# Containers (per‑site isolation)
Work ➜ all Google services
Banking ➜ financial sites
Personal ➜ email, social, general browsing
Shopping ➜ Amazon, eBay, etc.
Temp ➜ optional throwaway container (create if needed)
# Auto‑assignment (recommended)
Open site in correct container ➜ Right‑click tab ➜ "Always Open in This Container"
# Notes:
# - Containers isolate cookies, logins, and site data per context.
# - Works perfectly with cookieBehavior=5 (total isolation).
# - Data stored in containers.json inside the profile (included in backups).
# - Review container assignments occasionally to keep behavior predictable.
GNOME Terminal Refinements
Refinements to GNOME Terminal behavior, keybindings, and ergonomics to align with the LMDE7 environment and left-hand–centric workflow.
dconf is the low-level key/value store used by GSettings. GNOME Terminal, Cinnamon, GTK themes, and many system components read and write their configuration here.
Core Commands
# Read a key
dconf read /path/to/key
# Write a key
dconf write /path/to/key "'value'"
# Reset a key to default
dconf reset /path/to/key
# Dump an entire subtree
dconf dump /path/to/subtree/
# Load a dump back in
dconf load /path/to/subtree/ < filename.dconf
# Search for keys
dconf dump / | grep -i something
# List keys under a subtree
dconf list /path/to/subtree/
Useful dconf Paths
Frequently used dconf paths relevant to LMDE7, GNOME Terminal, Cinnamon, and the visual identity of the desktop.
This subsystem unifies the shell identity across all users, including root, scripts, cron, and non-interactive shells. It replaces per-user dotfile sourcing with a single canonical loader.
All new scripts should source the system identity loader to ensure consistent access to aliases, defines, and functions:
. /etc/profile.d/identity.sh
NAS Mounts & Permissions
LMDE7 integrates with the NAS using a mix of NFSv4 and NFSv3. The home directory uses NFSv4 via the NAS pseudo‑root, while all other shares use NFSv3 exports. UID/GID alignment is required for correct permissions.
UID/GID Alignment (Required)
# Local user
kemiko: UID 1000, GID 1000
# NAS user (must match)
NAS account: UID 1000, GID 1000
If UID/GID do not match, permissions will appear incorrect even when mounts succeed. Root may appear to work while the user sees denied access.
High‑churn directories are kept on local SSD storage to avoid NFS latency and reduce NAS load. These mounts override the NFS home directory for specific paths.
The NAS exposes /share/homes/LMDE7 under the NFSv4 pseudo‑root. Other shares are exported individually via NFSv3. Therefore:
/home/kemiko → NFSv4
3D‑Models, homes, Multimedia, Public → NFSv3
Notes & Lessons
Avoid GVFS paths (admin://). They are virtual and break permissions.
If root works but the user does not, check UID/GID alignment first.
Use real POSIX paths in Nemo bookmarks (/media/nas/public).
NFSv4 requires the pseudo‑root path (/share/homes/LMDE7).
NFSv3 mounts must use the export name exactly (/3D-Models, /homes, /Public, /Multimedia).
_netdev prevents boot race conditions.
Host Identity & User Artifacts
This section documents the machine’s host identity, SSH configuration, and curated user‑level scripts. These artifacts define how LMDE7 identifies itself on the network and how it interacts with other systems.
/etc/hosts
Local hostname resolution, LAN aliases, and IPv6 loopback entries.
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 LMDE7
# IPv6 loopback and multicast
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
# LAN host aliases
192.168.1.1 rtr
192.168.1.2 web
192.168.1.3 nas
192.168.1.4 box
192.168.1.5 vmw
192.168.1.6 lmd
Notes:
LAN aliases provide stable, human‑readable names for local systems.
LMDE7 is the local hostname (127.0.1.1).
IPv6 entries are standard and left unchanged.
SSH Configuration (~/.ssh)
SSH keys and configuration for remote access. Keys are user‑specific and should be backed up securely.
# ~/.ssh/config
Host nas
HostName 192.168.1.3
User kemiko
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa
Host web
HostName 192.168.1.2
User root
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa
Notes:
id_rsa is the private key (keep secure).
id_rsa.pub is the public key.
known_hosts tracks trusted remote hosts.
config defines host aliases and identity rules.
~/bin (User Scripts)
The ~/bin directory contains curated, portable scripts used across systems. These scripts inherit the identity layer via . /etc/profile.d/identity.sh.
~/bin/
backup.sh
free.sh
configsFind.sh # index all custom config files using header grammar
monitor/
allMounts.sh
filesystem.sh
homeMounts.sh
nasHealth.sh
network.sh
systemHealth.sh
index.sh # menu to run monitor scripts
configsFind.sh is the environment indexer. It scans the system for all custom configuration files using your header grammar (# filename; date; identity). This script is part of the identity‑layer ecosystem and ensures every curated artifact can be located instantly.
Notes:
All scripts should source the identity layer for consistent aliases and functions.
monitor/ contains the system health and mount inspection suite.
.backup/ stores timestamped script backups.
Keep ~/bin minimal and portable.
/usr/local/bin (Root‑Level Overrides)
System‑wide scripts and overrides installed under /usr/local/bin. These take precedence over distribution‑provided binaries.
Auto‑generated; commit for binaries, ignore for libraries
Rust shares source globally, but compiles everything per project for reproducibility.
That makes target/ huge, the binary tiny, the first build slow, and installation trivial.
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Rust Workflow Overview
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Rust Build Pipeline
Parse Cargo.toml — read manifest, dependencies, features
System app indexer — not yet implemented; only Flatpaks + COSMIC apps appear
Launcher backend — the indexing engine that generates apps.json
Desktop file watcher — detects new system apps; currently absent
Session refresh tools — partial; some GNOME/Mutter behaviors still exposed
Notes:
The launcher UI exists, but the backend indexer is not yet shipped.
System apps (e.g., GNOME Terminal) do not appear until the indexer lands.
Some behaviors still come from GNOME/Mutter; see the
COSMIC Stack
pane for architectural details.
COSMIC Stack Reference
The COSMIC Stack
pane provides a full architectural overview of COSMIC, including the current hybrid
GNOME/Mutter underpinnings and the future Rust compositor design. Use it as a
conceptual reference for understanding workspace behavior, monitor semantics,
compositor responsibilities, and COSMIC’s long‑term evolution.
Application Registration Rituals
User-Level Registration
Create a .desktop file in ~/.local/share/applications.
Make it executable: chmod +x ~/.local/share/applications/<file>.desktop.
Refresh the database: update-desktop-database ~/.local/share/applications.
Launcher will immediately show the entry (no backend indexer required).
System App Workarounds
System-installed apps do not appear in COSMIC Launcher (Alpha 6 limitation).
Workaround: create a wrapper .desktop file in ~/.local/share/applications.
Example: GNOME Terminal wrapper to force visibility.
Opera appears because it registers via xdg-desktop-menu.
Launcher sanity check: confirm user-level apps still visible.
Wallpaper reapply (Alpha Era necessity).
Quick glance at ~/.local/share/applications for stray entries.
Session Rituals
Before reboot: acknowledge COSMIC Alpha quirks and accept the wallpaper reset.
After reboot: verify monitor geometry (TV axis alignment preserved).
Confirm GNOME Terminal wrapper still functional.
Run flatpak list to ensure app provenance remains clean.
System Maintenance Rituals
Remove unused desktop files from ~/.local/share/applications.
Rebuild user desktop database:
update-desktop-database ~/.local/share/applications
Check for stray Snap leftovers (Chromium era is over).
Review Flatpak runtimes for duplicates or stale branches.
Alpha Era Closure Notes
Living in COSMIC Alpha 6 means embracing delightful chaos.
Some quirks are features-in-waiting; others are ghosts of Mutter.
Every fix, wrapper, and ritual becomes part of the story.
Someday this will all be a tale for the youngins.
Long-Term Rituals
Archive major configuration changes with timestamps.
Preserve ~/.config snapshots before system upgrades.
Document new COSMIC behaviors as the Alpha matures.
Retire old rituals when COSMIC replaces them with real features.
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COSMIC Stack
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Overview
A conceptual map of the COSMIC desktop environment, showing the full architecture
from kernel → Wayland → compositor → window manager → shell. This pane documents
how COSMIC works today, how it inherits behavior from GNOME/Mutter, and how the
future Rust compositor will reshape the entire stack.
COSMIC (Reality Edition) Architecture
┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
│ COSMIC SHELL │
├──────────────────────────────────────┤
│ COSMIC WINDOW MANAGER │
├──────────────────────────────────────┤
│ MUTTER (Wayland Compositor) │
│ + XWAYLAND (Embedded X11 Server) | ← THIS is where the clown lives
├──────────────────────────────────────┤
│ WAYLAND LAYER │
├──────────────────────────────────────┤
│ KERNEL │
└──────────────────────────────────────┘
This section documents all behavior inherited from X11 via Xwayland, including:
PRIMARY ownership timing delays
First-paste-old / second-paste-new behavior
Highlight propagation lag
Browser → terminal selection inconsistencies
Terminal → terminal paste differences
Focus-dependent paste behavior
Selection-lock states
Mixed X11/Wayland app interactions
These behaviors are not caused by COSMIC, GNOME Terminal, or Mutter.
They originate from X11 selection semantics implemented inside Xwayland.
They will disappear once COSMIC transitions to its Rust compositor.
GNOME Inheritance
COSMIC still inherits several behaviors from GNOME/Mutter, including workspace
stacks, monitor independence, wraparound logic, wallpaper persistence quirks,
drag-to-workspace hitboxes, and theme inconsistencies. These will change once
the Rust compositor replaces Mutter.
Future: Rust Compositor
New scene graph replacing Mutter
Unified theme engine
Consistent drag-to-workspace behavior
Improved multi-monitor workspace semantics
Better performance and lower latency
Full COSMIC independence from GNOME
COSMIC vs GNOME Philosophy
GNOME prioritizes simplicity and minimalism, often removing customization.
COSMIC prioritizes user control, tiling, multi-monitor workflows, and hardware
integration. The split was inevitable and strategically necessary.
Notes & Observations
Use this section for experiments, quirks, and discoveries:
Wallpaper persistence behavior
Dual-monitor workspace carousel notes
Tint color experiments
Drag-to-workspace behavior
neofetch WM detection quirks
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COSMIC Cut/Paste Buffers
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In this system, there are two completely different cut/paste clipboards. They’re separate buffers, and different apps treat them differently, which is why paste behavior sometimes feels inconsistent until you know the rules.
PRIMARY — created automatically by highlighting text.
Pasted with middle‑click or Shift+Insert.
CLIPBOARD — created by explicit copy actions (Ctrl+C, copy buttons, right‑click → Copy).
Pasted with Ctrl+V or Ctrl+Shift+Insert.
These buffers behave differently across X11, Wayland, terminals, and Vim. COSMIC Terminal adds its own input‑handling quirks, so this document maps the actual observed behavior to make the system predictable.
We’re mapping how copy/paste actually behaves across X11, Wayland, terminals, and Vim. Nothing here is theoretical — it’s all observed behavior. Different apps use different clipboard systems (PRIMARY vs CLIPBOARD), and terminals interpret paste shortcuts differently depending on whether they’re X11 or Wayland. COSMIC Terminal adds a “selection lock” that requires two Escapes in Vim after pasting. We’re building small, focused matrices to document each behavior so the whole system becomes predictable instead of chaotic.
Paste matrices
PRIMARY Paste Into vi (Not in Insert Mode)
PRIMARY pastes directly into normal mode; insert mode is not required.
+------------------+------------------+-----------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+
| Source Terminal | Target Terminal | Target Active First? | vi Mode | Highlight Present | Paste Method | Result | Notes |
+------------------+------------------+-----------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+
| COSMIC Terminal | GNOME Terminal | Yes | Normal | Yes | Middle‑click / Shift+Insert | Text inserted | vi does not enter insert mode |
| COSMIC Terminal | GNOME Terminal | No | Normal | Yes | Middle‑click / Shift+Insert | No paste | Target must be active |
| GNOME Terminal | COSMIC Terminal | Yes | Normal | Yes | Middle‑click / Shift+Insert | Text inserted | vi does not enter insert mode |
| GNOME Terminal | COSMIC Terminal | No | Normal | Yes | Middle‑click / Shift+Insert | No paste | Target must be active |
+------------------+------------------+-----------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+
PRIMARY Ownership Timing (X11 Selection Lag)
Documents the “abc → xyz” stale‑PRIMARY phenomenon.
+-------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Step | LibreWolf Highlight | PRIMARY (Internal State) | Paste #1 Result | Paste #2 Result | Notes |
+-------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1 | No highlight | "abc" | — | — | Old PRIMARY still held by browser |
| 2 | Highlight "xyz" | Still "abc" (ownership not updated yet) | — | — | Highlight event not fully propagated |
| 3 | Middle-click into GNOME Terminal | "abc" | "abc" | — | Terminal requests PRIMARY before update |
| 4 | After first paste | "xyz" | — | — | Browser finally updates PRIMARY ownership |
| 5 | Middle‑click again | "xyz" | — | "xyz" | Now the new PRIMARY is returned |
+-------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------------------------------+
COSMIC Terminal + Vim Insert Mode: The Actual Hard Rule
A double‑Escape is required only when all three conditions are true:
You are already in insert mode
You paste something (PRIMARY or CLIPBOARD)
Before exiting insert mode, you change PRIMARY or CLIPBOARD
(highlight something new, copy something new, etc.)
If all three are true:
Escape #1 clears COSMIC Terminal’s selection lock
Escape #2 exits insert mode
If any condition is not true, a single Escape works normally.
COSMIC Terminal Escape‑Prefix Interpretation
Eats the first Escape after the terminal becomes active
Swallows the ? in Bash reverse‑search (Esc ?), entering search mode without displaying the trigger character
Application‑Specific Clipboard Behavior
COSMIC Dialog Boxes
Does NOT work: Shift+Insert, middle‑click, right‑click → Paste
Does work: Ctrl+A, Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+X
LibreWolf Address Bar
Single‑click highlight selects all but populates neither buffer
Manual highlight (drag/click) populates PRIMARY
Middle‑click pastes PRIMARY, replacing all contents
Right‑click → Paste pastes CLIPBOARD, replacing all contents
GIMP
Behaves consistently
Supports both PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD correctly
Chromium
In COSMIC “Save As” dialogs: paste requires CLIPBOARD
Some sites (e.g., Wikipedia’s NewsRadio page) do not populate PRIMARY at all
This pane documents observed behavior across COSMIC Terminal, GNOME Terminal, X11, Wayland, and common applications. It will be updated only when new, verifiable behavior is discovered.
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Cheat Sheet, "top" command
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Programming Languages, Most Used
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Among developers worldwide as of 2025
0%20%40%60%80%
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Computing Systems
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computingSystems.json (~87 Entries)
Loading dataset...
CoNtRoL PaNeL
Theme
Color
Paper
Layout
Sort
Find
Group
Open
Edit
Delete
Storage
Releases
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Help
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Programs And Notes Execution System
PANES is a multifunctional and customizable programs/notes system to help organize your life. It can be used to create reference notes, to do lists, time your tasks, play games, etc. There are already a many predefined panes, each with different purposes, managed by this window.
Some of the fun and interesting recent additions are:
• "Heidi's Salmon" pane resizes by dragging anywhere on the image and rotatons 360° with the mouse wheel.
• "North Pole" pane resizes by dragging anywhere on the image and rotatons 360° with the mouse wheel.
• "Neighbors Southwest Hikes" pane snaps to the next item horizontally and vertically.
• "Chuck Norris Jokes" pane randomly picks a joke with a click.
• "Chalkboard" pane imitates a real world chalkboard including many chalk colors and an eraser.
• "Cheat Sheet, "top" command" pane has an interactive find to hide/show items.
The "Graffiti"
and
"Calendar"
panes are actually contol panels for two separate layers. Each layer is very customizable and are stacked in background to foreground order: Paper ➜ Graffiti ➜ Calendar ➜ All Panes.
General Pane Operation
Panes generally behave the way you’d expect if you are familiar with any GUI based operating system. Below you will find a description of general pane operation(s).
Double click the title bar to maximize and center a pane. Again to minimize and place back in the layout.
In the upper left corner of the pane are 3 symbols/buttons which can close, minimize, or maximize the pane.
The “x” symbol will close the whole pane. The pane can be reopened using the Control Panel “Open” dropdown menu. See Open section below.
The “-“ symbol will minimize the content of the pane leaving only the title bar showing. By default, on page load, content of the panes will start minimized.
The “+” symbol will maximize the content of the pane showing the title bar and content at the current placement.
In the upper right corner of the pane are 3 symbols/buttons which can change the placement of the pane...left, center, or right.
The “<“ symbol will move the pane to the immediate far left of the window.
The “o” symbol will open and center the pane in the window. Clicking it after the panes is open and center will close and place back in the layout. This is the same functionality as double clicking the title bar
The “>” symbol will move the pane to the immediate far right of the window.
Right click anywhere on the page to get a quick menu.
About
Double click on the footer or "CoNtRoL PaNeL" title bar to display the "About" pane. This pane includes the page loaded timestamp, page load elapsed seconds, page updated timestamp, color selection details, current window size, internet protocol, autonomous system, and visits information.
CoNtRoL PaNeL
Below are general descriptions of the CoNtRoL PaNeL features to help you customize and use this site. Most of these functions are for general/user panes.
Theme (dropdown)
The developer has included a few predesigned themes that are pretty fantastic. Definitely try the “Pumpkin” theme as it is demonstrably the best. Leave the dropdown "blank/empty" if you want to retain other settings like Color, Paper, Layout, etc upon returning to this webpage. A "Theme" can be recreated without choosing its dropdown. Double click the "footer" or "CoNtRoL PaNeL" title bar to help with the colors.
Color(sliders)
Choose from the "Color" (dropdown) below then start sliding.
There are three sliders...red, green, and blue.
Open the "About" pane to see the numeric values.
Color (dropdown)
Colors are customizable for the background, foreground, title color, title text, border, and buttons. Simply choose the item from the dropdown menu next to "Colors" label (below the color sliders) and adjust to your liking.
"Background" changes the background (wallpaper) color.
"Foreground" changes the color of content background for all panes.
"Title Color" changes the background color of the title bar for all the panes.
"Title Text" changes the font color of the title bar for all the panes.
"Buttons" changes the button (controls) color for all the panes.
"Border" changes the border for all the panes.
It is helpful to have the "About" pane open while adjusting colors to see the numeric values. Your color settings are saved to local storage.
Paper (dropdown)
You can choose from a selection of inspiring and creative background graphics/photos depending on your mood. You can further customize those to your liking by adjusting the colors as described in the Color Selection section. Play around until you find something you like. Hint: "X-Ray" through panes to reveal hidden items in some backgrounds.
Layout (dropdown)
Layout is a quick way to move the panes into organization on the page.
"Cascade" puts all panes into a descending/diagional starting from upper left to lower right on the page.
"Horizontal" puts all panes into horizontal/row alignment across the page.
"Random" puts all panes into a randomly placement on the page.
"Vertical" puts all panes into vertical/column alignment down the page.
"All Minimize" displays only the title bar hiding the content for all panes.
"All Maximize" displays the title bar and the content for all panes.
"All Close" completely hides all panes...putting in the "Open" dropdown.
"All Open" completely displays all panes...emptying from the "Open" dropdown.
See if you can find what you’re looking for!
Sort (dropdown)
Sort panes by Creation, Position, Title, or Updated.
Find (text box)
Find/search for case insensitive title/content of a pane. After entering some text hit "Enter" or click on "Find" to start the search. The title bar will be highlighted for panes with found content. To clear the search...double click on "Find" or blank out the text box and hit "Enter". Searching with "broken" English is best...meaning leave out unimportant words, but enter the words using English grammar.
Open (dropdown)
Open will remain empty until a pane has been closed using the “x” in the upper left corner. See the section on "General Pane Operation". If you desire to reopen a pane this is the place to do it.
Edit (dropdown)
The Edit functionality is the heart of the usefulness of the PANES page.
Certain panes have editable and customizable text and links.
Select which pane you’d like to customize and using standard HTML you can create lists and links.
Title bars are customizable as well by changing the text at the top of the edit pane.
Edits to the panes are stored locally only on your machine.
So feel free to edit and modify to your hearts content.
No other users will see or be affected by edits you make.
Create (button)
Beyond editing existing panes you can create a new pane to edit by pressing this button.
Delete (dropdown)
The Delete functionality can remove a pane, you have "Created", that you no longer want.
Storage (buttons)
Caution: It is best to do a "Save" before an "Init".
"Save" button...saves local storage to a file of your choice.
"Init" button...clears local storage. The page will return to its initial state as if you haven't visited before.
Releases (button)
"Export" button...saves RSS feed for the "Releases" pane to a file of your choice.
System Panes
These panes are of their own class opposed to the "user" class. Most "CoNtRoL PaNeL" functions don't apply to these panes.
Help
This pane.
To Do
A list of planned/wanted additions, updates, and fixes.
Releases
All page releases by date with a bullet list. This is a very detailed list going back to the beginning of the page's creation.
X-Ray
Maximize this pane to see through the other panes to view the "Paper" (background). There are hidden items to find in the images.
My Sites
Some of the author's other sites.
Notepad
A scratchpad for quick reminders or any other notes.
Timer
This timer starts when the page is loaded. It has five functions...start, pause, reset, lap, clear.
Media Player
Controls for mp3/ogg files in "Audio Clips (music)" and "Audio Clips (phone)" panes.
Remote Control
Obviously not a physical remote control. It does control a list of site links. One or many can be opened at once. Your browser settings may need to be adjusted.
Graffiti
Tag anything you like on your wall (background) choosing font, color, position, rotation, etc.
Calendar
The current full year calendar including lunar cycles. Colors can be chosen for Month Name, Day of Week, Weekdays, Weekends, and Borders
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To Do
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Update js/releases.js to pull from panes/boxReleases.html
Fix "Graffiti" being lost on when changing "Paper"
Organize "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)" into viewToggle( ) sections
Make boxPosition( ) draw below all panes...as if always a full height set
Add font "Handlee", "Iosevka", and others...replacing some of current set
"Ctrl + O" to get a dialog box to type a partial pane title match...then close dialog box and open the pane.
Test speed with removal of "WikipediA (1st)" & "WikipediA (2nd)"
Make "~Pages~" pane password protected
Added functionality to "Group" panes
Add SPARCstation 5 to "Hall of Fame" pane
"Neighbors Southwest Hikes"...never draw off the left side of screen (right will be okay)
Add URI section=foo
Create single pane or fullscreen pane mode
404 do my "Chuck Norris Jokes" pane...completely fullscreen
sofaspace for the 404
Design an awesome 404...https://www.canva.com/learn/404-page-design
"Find" if pane found and open...minimizes it
Add "Lamborghini Gallardo" to "Hall of Fame" pane
HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
llms.txt has formatting issues
Add "Calendar" pane/layer settings to localStorage
Account for Safari's ~17%...context menu, etc
Add "Year" column to "Calculator, Simple Interest" pane
Update itop.ec code in "Informix" pane
Add the rest of debugging functions to "Cascading Style Sheets" pane
Change "Graffiti" to nine positions...like a tic-tac-toe board
Load "WikipediA (1st)" and "WikipedA (2nd) only when pane is opened
![NOW@5 - [Typo] Isometric Typography Watch Face (NowTypo)
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![[N°] Huge Yellow Orange Watch (rade-huge)
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![Minimal [Blackstar apps] (minimal [blackstar apps])
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![Hexagon Digital [NXV29] (cyber future)
2.46 MB
12/24/2021](image/Samsung/toofaces/Screen_20240425_113200.png "Hexagon Digital [NXV29] (cyber future)
2.46 MB
12/24/2021")
![[DA time]STEEL STORY dt-m401_terminated (dt-m401)
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